COMPULSION. 617 



kaitoks ni'sh tii-una Lemaikshfna kdyaktgi (hu) he ought not to pursue 



me around Shasta Butte, 40, 4; cf. 54, 8. 

 kti-i nalsh i tua shutetki ku-idslia let thou do us nothing tvicJced, 139, G. 



A more forcible mode of compulsion is expressed by the imperative 

 proper, or jussive mode. A form for it exists in both tenses — in the past- 

 present and in the future — and the former is of a more commanding and 

 purely mandatory character than the second, because it insists upon the 

 command being carried out at once. Often it becomes difficult to distin- 

 guish the declarative mode from" the imperative of both tenses. 



liielat hiVnksh hi't! Idll ye this felloiv on the spot! 190; 15. 



kd-i nalash k6-i shutii do not make us ivicJced, 139, 11. 



tchdix' at am i kii'dshikuk ye ought to sit doivn, because ye are tired. 



tuni'pni i spukle-uapka five days you shall sweat, 142, 13. 



tchussak at katak gi-uapk ye shall always speak the truth. 



kilank at shuinuapk! ye must sing loud! 



The declarative mode of the future tense is used extensively, instead of 

 the imperative, to express regulations of law, practice, commands of chiefs 

 or other people in authority, strong suggestive hints to compel people to 

 act in a certain sense, and the necessities of natural laws. The "Legal 

 Customs", pages 58-62 and Notes, furnish a large number of instances to 

 show how the future tense is employed in law regulations. This form thus 

 corresponds to our terms I must, I ought to, I have to, I am obliged. 



ka-i i wiitsam tchi'kluapk wanniki'sham do not ride the horse of another 

 man, 58, 11. 



ka-i i lap snawa'dsaluapk you shall not marry two wives, 60, 17. 



krl-i i shli-uapk shash don^t shoot each other, 58, 10. 



tumantka shute-uapka laki the chief must be elected by the majority, 90, 3. 



i n's shatuayuapka you must help me, 75, 14. 



nanuk maklaks k'lekuapka every person must die. 



POTENTIALITY, POSSIBILITY, VOLITION. 



The first of these abstract terms describes the power or ability to 

 perform an act, or to bring on certain events or conditions; whereas the 

 second points to chance, casual occurrence, or to actions that might be per- 



