THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 643 



the subject, object, and predicate. The next step to a higher complexity is 

 the coordination of two or more sentences, which may stand in a continu- 

 ative or in an adversative relation to each other. Next in order is the com- 

 powul sentence, in which one or more clauses are placed in a relation of 

 dependency to another clause which figures as the principal clause. Many 

 statements which, in English, would figure as dependent or incident clauses, 

 are, in the more synthetic languages, as Klamath, expressed by participles, 

 and more especially by verbals, which of course do not form sentences by 

 themselves, but express verbal ideas subordinate to the main verb. Lan- 

 guages showing a complex structure in their sentences presuppose a con- 

 siderable mental development in their originators. The latest form of lin- 

 guistic evolution in the sentence is the incapsulation of many sentences into 

 one, implying interdependence of many sentences from a single one. Lan- 

 guages in the primitive stage do not show this, and even in the best devel- 

 oped languages it is a difficult matter to combine incapsulation with cor- 

 rectness of expression. Our Klamath language has remained free from this 

 stage. 



The above considerations prompt me to divide this syntactic section 

 into two portions : the simple sentence and the compound sentence. Many 

 points discussed in the first portion apply as well to the principal clause of 

 the compound sentence, and partially also to the incident clause ; e. g. what 

 is said concerning certain particles and the negative form of speech. 



I. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. 



According to the intention or spirit in which a speaker may address 

 his hearers, and the various rhetoric modes consequent upon it, the simple 

 sentence is subdivided in the declarative, the negative, the interrogative, 

 the imperative, the exhoi'tative, the exclamatory sentence. Coordinate sen- 

 tences, when they are in the shape of principal and not of incident clauses, 

 I also consider as simple sentences. 



A. — The declarative sentence. 



This form of speech, also called affirmative, is used in communicating 

 thoughts or news, in stating facts, in narrating stories, fables, myths, his- 



