644 GKAMMAH OP THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE. 



toric events, and also figures prominentl}'- in the oratory and poetic style. 

 The declarative mode is the proper form for this sentence, the use of the 

 conditional mode being rather scarce. Potentiality and possibility may be 

 expressed by the declarative sentence also. 



B. — The negative sentence. 



Whenever a sentence has to be negatived, negation is expressed by 

 two particles : ka-i, sometimes pronounced kai, and le, le, la not. They are 

 w^ords standing separate in most instances ; but there is a number of verbs 

 and other terms to which they become prefixed, to be enumerated below. 

 Cf. pages 292. 632. KA-i forms several compound particles. 



The diiference between the two particles consists in this : ka-i opposes 

 a flat denial to the statement contained in the verb or sentence, and is, 

 therefore, used in negative replies : no ! whereas le implies a putative denial 

 existing in the minds of those acting or supposed to act or speak. Ka-i 

 stands at the head of the sentence, before the verb, and this may have pre- 

 vented the formation of a special negative inflection of the Klamath verb, 

 which exists in so many foreign and American languages, e. g. of the Mas- 

 koki and Algonkin family ; there the negative particle figures as a sufiix to 

 the verbal stem. Its position before the verb it has in common with all 

 other particles ; it also accompanies imperatives and exhortatives as a pro- 

 hibitory advei'b when, at the head of a sentence, it is pronounced with em- 

 phasis and a raising of the voice. 



* 



ktl-i an tiish shl^a ptlsh / have not seen him anyivhere. 



ka-i nad ukauxosh liiashtat shlda we do not see the moon through the fog. 



ka-i kilank gakuat shlankoshtat, kd-uni at gakuant ! do (ye) not run 



fast over the bridge, hut go (ye) slow! 

 ka-i nu shdshatuish ;'i-i gi ! I am not a trader! 



Particles and other terms derived from k4-i not are: kayak not yet, 

 kayu, ka-iu before, kaitua nothing, no one, kayutch and k;'iyu never, ka-itata 

 nowhere, no more, never, keliak or kaileak being without or deprived of, alsent, 

 ki'ya to tell lies, kt'shka to he unable, kcdshika to he tired, exhausted, ka'gi or 

 kayeke to be gone, not to exist, to he ivcak, with its derivative heshxe'gi to kill, 



