666 GRAMMAR OF THE KLAMATH LANGUAGE, 



From the above it follows that polysynthesis as well as incorporation 

 can occur in agglutinative and inflective languages only, and that the modes 

 and degrees of both species of synthesis must be almost infinite in number. 

 The Greek language exhibits more polysynthetism than Latin, German, 

 English, the Semitic, and many American languages, but many of the latter 

 incorporate in a larger degree than most European tongues. Going into 

 further details, the two modes of synthesis which occupy our attention 

 extend over the following grammatic points : 



PoLYSYNTHESis embraces the phenomena as below : 



(a). Prefixation and suffixation for infiexional and derivational purposes; 

 also injixation of elements into the radix, wherever this uncommon mode of 

 synthesis can be traced with certainty. The order in which the affixes 

 follow each other is too important to be neglected by the students of lan- 

 guage. 



(J)). Phonetic clmnrjc of the radix or of affixes, when traceable not to 

 the ablaut, but to elements reaching the radix through extraneous addition. 



(c). RediipUcation of the radix or of its parts, or of other portions of the 

 word, for the purpose of inflection or of derivation. 



{d). Gemination or i)honetic repetition or lengthening of certain ele- 

 ments in the word. 



Incorporation as a syntactic feature may manifest itself in the follow- 

 ing processes : 



(a). In the formation of compound terms by binary, ternary, or other 

 multiple combination. Only then are the parts combined by real incorpora- 

 tion into one term, when one or some are losing sounds or syllables by the 

 process, either by aphaeresis, ellipse, or apocope. For Klamath we have 

 instances of this in kabkma, L6k=Pshi'sh, tchawaya; nouns and verbs are 

 equally liable to undergo this mode of synthesis. More instances will be 

 mentioned under the heading: "Conversational form of language." 



(b). Direct and indirect nominal and pronominal objects are incorpo- 

 rated into the verb whenever they become altered from their usual form 

 and placed between the pronominal subject and the verb. Incorporation 

 also takes place when the pronominal object is so closely affixed, either 



