INCOEPOEATION. 667 



2irefixed or postfixed, to the verb as to lose its accent and form one word 

 with it, and then it usually occurs in the altered form, as in Frencli : donne- 

 le-lui, or in the Italian: a riveder vi to see you again. Klamath does not 

 alter the nominal object, but concerning the personal pronominal object a 

 beginning of incorporation is perceptible. In some instances the pronomi- 

 nal subject is also changed and incorporated into the verb by postfixation, 

 by what I call the synthetic form of inflection. 



(c). The effect of incorporation is shown in many striking instances in 

 the case-inflection of the substantive, when inflected simultaneously with an 

 adjective or pronoun used attributively. The use of the apocopated form 

 in numerals, as lap, ndan, etc., implies incorporation also. In these adnom- 

 inal parts of speech case-forms are not so extensively developed nor so poly- 

 synthetic as in the substantive, and placed by the side of it have some of 

 their endings truncated, altered, or lost, because the words are no longer 

 felt to be separate words. They are regarded now as a unity or combina- 

 tion, and hence one case-terminal, either in the noun or in its attribute, is 

 thought to suffice for both. The principal relation in which' Klamath is 

 incorporative is the attributive relation, and the examples below will show 

 what kinds of combination the noun is able to iindergo, especially if the 

 verbal signification is still apparent. Klamath is undoubtedly an incorpo- 

 rating language, but in a limited degree, and polysynthetic more in the 

 derivation of verbs than in their inflection. 



Instances of incorporation like the ones to be considered occur in all 

 European languages, when phrase-like compounds or parts of sentences, 

 even'whole sentences, are used as single words, often in a rather burlesque 

 manner. Thus we have in Spanish: tamafio size, from Latin tantum so 

 niKcli, raagnus large; in German: Gottseibeiuns, for the devil; in French: 

 affaire {h, faire: business, lit. "something to do"), un tete-i\-tete, un en-tout- 

 cas ; in English, popular wit and ingenuity are inexhaustible in forming 

 such combinations as go-ahead people; get-up bell; penny-a-liner; stick-in- 

 the-mud concern; a go-as you-please match; a catch-as- catch- can wrestler; 

 a how-come-you-so condition. A tivo- eggs' omelet is an instance of com- 

 pounding by juxtaposition ; a tivo-egg-omelet one of compounding by incor- 

 poration. 



