INCORPORATION. 669 



(d). Only a limited number of adverbs, mostly monosyllables, can 

 become incorporated into the verbs which they define and then they 

 figure as their prefixes, as the natural position assigned to attributes is 

 befoi'e, not after the word qualified. Adverbial prefixes of this description 

 sometimes partake of tlie functions of our separable and inseparable prep- 

 ositions, and a list of them is found in " Syntax," under "Adverb Pre- 

 fixed," page 632. A list of adverbs which can appear also as independent 

 words with an accent of their own, like ka-a, ku-i, mu, tfdsh, is added to 

 the above list. But wherever any adverb included in the above lists be- 

 comes a real prefix, there, of course, we have to do with polysynthesis and 

 no longer with incorporation. 



RHETORICAL FIGURES. 



To conclude the syntactic section of this grammar, a chapter on figures 

 is subjoined, to some of which allusion has been made pi'eviously. Rhetorical 

 figures occur in all languages of the world, though one and the same figure 

 may largely differ as to frequency in the one or the other tongue; anaphora, 

 ellipsis, metaphor, and tautology are perhaps the most frequent, no language 

 being deficient in them. 



AlUlc.ration should be given a separate place among the rhetoric figures, 

 because it is a phonologic rather that a syntactic feature of language. We 

 know it best through its frequent use in the poems of the Germans and 

 Anglo-Saxons dating before A. D. 1100, in a literary period when rhyming 

 was yet unknown as a factor in rhythmic poetry. We find alliteration in 

 many of our Klamath song-lines, but whether the sOng-makers used it there 

 on purpose and designedly like the Anglo-Saxon poets or not I am unable 

 to say. Syllabic reduplication must have prompted its use. The allitera- 

 tion is consonantic only, whereas the Germanic nations made use also of 

 vowels for this rhythmic purpose. A few examples of alliteration are as 

 follows : 



g: gutitgulash gc-u ne'pka, 166; 27. 



h: ktsalui ki'alam ge-u kt^-ish, 165; 14. Cf. 13. 



/.• luash ai nii'sh a lii'lamnapka, 158; 57. Cf 157; 40. 



