ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 701 



intr., hence the clapper of the bell is named liii-i;^atko "making noise ;" tfntan 

 lilui/a "little bells are tinkling." "The sizzling of hot water" is tchiyii-a, 

 tehia-a, a derivative of ya-a, and the sputtering out of steam inclosed in 

 burning wood is mpamptit'ta, the cracking of the wood mpatchitchka. La- 

 ulciwa is said of the clattering noise made by dry substances, as bones, 

 striking against each other. 



VI. ROOTS "WITH THEIR DERIVATIVES. 



There is no better means of showing the mode of word-derivation in a 

 language than to unite and class all the derivatives of one root systematic- 

 ally under the heading of that root. The functions and frequency of each 

 derivational means employed, as affixation, reduplication, vocalic change, 

 or the compounding of words then appear at once and illustrate each other 

 mutually. Some roots of the Klamath language have given origin to fam- 

 ilies of derivatives of wonderful extent, and the stems or bases formed by 

 them have branched off into different directions again, so that the progeny 

 or offspring has ex])anded into a startling multiplicity. The association of 

 ideas and the branching out of one idea from another often bear a peculiar 

 stamp which will surprise those not accustomed to Indian thought. Manv 

 of the verbal radices quoted below gave origin to transitive as well as in- 

 transitive verbs ; some show a predilection for prefixation, others for suffix- 

 ation. Vocalic changes are not infrequent in the radix, and manv of them 

 can be explained by a weakening of the vowel through a lengthening of the 

 word and the shifting of the accent consequent upon it. 



The items given below do not aim at any degree of completeness, but 

 are intended only to serve as specimens of derivation. They will give a 

 general idea of the method which has to be followed whenever a comj)lete 

 "root-dictionary" of this upland tongue should be attempted, a task which 

 can be undertaken only at a future time, when a much larger stock of 

 vocables and texts has been gathered among the individuals speaking both 

 dialects. 



Ena to bring, to cani/, originally referred to a plurality of objects only, 

 but its use has extended over a wider range, so that the verb may pass for 

 being the generic term for to carry. The number of prefixes which con- 



