EOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 707 



Wakah fire-place, hearth, and lodr/e. Shnena is to huild afire wlien out travel- 

 ing ; shne-ish camp-fire made on a journey, shne'nkish tlie spot where such a 

 fire is or was made. Shne'pka (for shne-ipka) to huild a camp-fire hahitualhj 

 is a usitative verb formed by the suffix -pka; its noun shne-ipaksh usual 

 fire-place, also stands for the lodge or habitation itself, and differs from shn(i- 

 ilaksh only by the circumstance that people stay longer in the latter than 

 in the former. Ni'lka it is dawning is closely connected with niliwa to hurst 

 into a light, and refers to the rays of sunliglit shooting up from the horizon 

 and apparently coming from a burning fire; it forms derivatives like nilakla, 

 metathetically for nilkala, to appear first, as daylight, the local name Nilak- 

 shi, q. v., nilaklula, nilakloltamna ; cf. Dictionary, under nilakla. 



This i-adix nu-, one of the most fecund in forming derivatives in this 

 upland language, must be carefully distinguished from anotlier element 

 nu-, which signifies to throiv and to fig, when round or bulky objects are 

 si^oken of. It is a contraction from niwa to drive, and is found in niidslia, 

 niilidsha, nutolala, nut6dsha, shnuntowa-udsha, and other terms. 



Paha to he or hecome dry is transitive also : to render dry, to exsiccate, 

 and does not apply to the fading processes of the vegetable world only, but 

 as well to sickness of men and animals. A relation between disease and 

 dryness is traceable in many languages, as disease induces fever, and fever 

 is productive of thirst, which is the result of loss of water from the blood ; 

 our term sick, the German siech are in fact identical with the Latin siccus 

 dry. With the use of three different verbal suffixes the root pa- in paha 

 *orms pAka (through pahka), pjila (from pahala, pa'hla), pAta (from pa'hta). 

 The verb paka, among other significations, means to wither, fade, and to hreak, 

 crack from being dry, and then is usually pronounced mbiika ; mbakla to he 

 parched up, to crack, is transitive also, with change of voAvel mbuka, piika ; 

 when used as a noun, this means dust. Mpakuala is to dry up on the top, and 

 is said of trees. Pa'ka to render dry, to dry out, has special reference to 

 thirst, and appears also as an impersonal verb: pji'ka nish I am thirsty, lit. 

 "it makes me dry"; pa'kam is the dry moss grov.'ing below trees. Pala to 

 he dry and to render dry also forms many derivatives, and in some of their 

 number the 'h after the radix pa- is still pronounced, as in the noun pa'hla, 

 pala tray, originally "implement for drying seeds," etc., now used for a 



