16 AUTHORITIES FOR SIGNS CITED. 



a difference, a number of specimens are extracted from the present collec- 

 tion of signs, which are also in some cases compared with those of deaf- 

 mutes and with gestures made by other peoples. 



AUTHORITIES FOR THE SIGNS CITED. 



The signs, descriptions of which are submitted in the present paper, are 

 taken from some one or more of the following authorities, viz : 



1. A list prepared by William Dunbar, dated Natchez, June 30, 1800, 

 collected from tribes then west of the Mississippi, but probably not from 

 those very far west of that river, published in the Transactions of the Amer- 

 ican Philosophical Society, vol. vi, as read January 16, 1801, and commu- 

 nicated by Thomas Jefferson, president of the society. 



2. The one published in 1823 in "An Account of an Expedition from 

 Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819-1820. 

 By order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the command 

 of Maj. S. II. Long, of the United States Topographical Engineers." (Com- 

 monly called James' Long's Expedition.) This appears to have been col- 

 lected chiefly by Mr. T. Say, from the Pani, and the Kansas, Otoes, Mis- 

 souris, Iowas, Omahas, and other southern branches of the great Dakota 

 family. 



3. The one collected by Prince Maximilian von Wied-Neuwied in 

 1832-34, from the Cheyenne, Shoshoni, Ankara, Satsika, and ,the Absaroki, 

 the Mandans, Hidatsa, and other Northern Dakotas. This list is not pub- 

 lished in the English edition, but appears in the German, Coblenz, 1839, 

 and in the French, Pans, 1840. Bibliographic reference is often made to 

 this distinguished explorer as " Prince Maximilian," as if there were not 

 many possessors of that christian name among princely families. For 

 brevity the reference in this paper will be " Wied." 



4. The small collection of J. G. Kohl, made about the middle of the 

 present century, among the Ojibwas and their neighbors around Lake 

 Superior. Published in his "Kitchigami. Wanderings around Lake Supe- 

 rior," London, 1860. 



5. That of the distinguished explorer, Capt R. F. Burton, collected in 

 1860-61, from the tribes met or learned of on the overland stage route, 



