3° 



DICTIONARY OF INDIANS. 



Treaties. — Continued. 



A natural sequence to treaties re- 

 lating in whole or in part to lands 

 (being fully twenty-four twenty-fifths 

 of the whole number) was the estab- 

 lishment of reservations, either within 

 the original territory or elsewhere. 

 Up to 1890, by which time the In- 

 dian title had practically been ex- 

 tinguished to all lands in the United 

 States except Alaska and the por- 

 tions of the reservations retained by 

 the grantors in the original cessions, 

 one hundred and sixty-two of these 

 reservations had been established. Of 

 these, according to the Report of the 

 Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 

 1890, there were established: 



56 By executive order. 

 6 By executive order under avi- 

 thority of Congress. 



28 By act of Congress. 



15 By treaty, with boundaries de- 

 fined or enlarged by execu- 

 tive order. 

 5 By treaty or agreement and act 



of Congress. 

 I By unratified treaty. 



51 By treaty or agreement. 



It appears from this list that the 

 method of establishing reservations 

 has not been uniform, some being by 

 treaty, some by executive order, and 

 others by act of Congress. Those 

 established by executive order, inde- 

 pendent of the act of Congress, were 

 not held to be permanent before the 

 "general allotment act of 1887, under 

 which the tenure has been materially 

 changed, and all reservations, whether 

 by executive order, act of Congress, or 

 treaty, are held permanent." Res- 

 ervations by executive order under 

 authority of an act of Congress are 

 those which have been authorized 

 or established by acts of Congress 

 and their limits defined by executive 

 order, or have been first established 

 by executive order and subsequently 

 confirmed by Congress. 



Other respects in which the power 

 of Congress intervenes in reference to 

 Indian lands, or is necessary to en- 

 able the Indians to carry out their 

 desires in regard thereto, are the fol- 

 lowing: 



(i) Allotments of land in severalty 

 previous to the act of February 8, 

 1887, could be made only by treaty or 

 by virtvie of an act of Congress, but by 

 this act general authority is given to 

 the President for this purpose. 



(2) Leases of land, sale of standing 

 timber, granting of mining privileges, 

 and right of way to railroads are all 

 prohibited to the Indians -w^ithout 



some enabling act of Congress. On 

 the other hand, it is obligatory on the 

 Government to prevent any intrusion, 

 trespass, or settlement on the lands of 

 any tribe of Indians except where 

 their consent has been given by 

 agreement or treaty. 



For the treaties relating to cessions 

 of lands between the United States 

 and the Indians, see the Eighteenth 

 Annual Report of the Bureatt of 

 American Ethnology, pt. 11, 1899. 



(c.T.) 



Wyandot. — The correct form seems to 

 be Wandot. According to Morgan 

 it means "calf of the leg," and 

 refers to a peculiar manner of cut- 

 ting meat. Information obtained 

 from a Wyandot source by Gat- 

 schet appears to confirm this ren- 

 dering. The modem Wyandots in- 

 clude the remains of the Wyandots 

 proper, known as Hurons to the early 

 French writers, and of the Tionon- 

 tatis (q. V.) , who probably outnum- 

 bered the Wyandots when the two 

 tribes united in 1650 and abandoned 

 their country to escape the Iroquois. 

 As late as 1721 the Tionontatis still 

 had their separate name and chief- 

 taincy, but all tribal distinctions have 

 long since been lost. Huron, their 

 French name, comes from hure, "a 

 wild boar's crest," the peculiar man- 

 ner in which the Hurons arranged 

 their hair having suggested to the 

 early French the bristles of a wild 

 boar. They were also called some- 

 times Bons Iroquois, or "good Iro- 

 quois," to distinguish them from the 

 cognate tribes in New York, who were 

 hostile to the French. The Delawares 

 called them Delamatteno, but the 

 Algonquian tribes generally called 

 them Nadowa (q. v.), or "snakes," a 

 name applied to all tribes not of Al- 

 gonquian stock, and especially to the 

 Iroquoian tribes. Their present name 

 first came into general use after the 

 removal of a part of the tribe from 

 Detroit to Sandusky, Ohio, in 175 1. 



When first known to the French, 

 about 1615, the Hurons occupied a 

 narrow territory between Georgian 

 bay and Lake Simcoe, in Simcoe 

 county, Ontario. They had about 

 twenty villages, but the number and 

 location of these settlements were con- 

 stantly changing, as it was the cus- 

 tom of the tribe to abandon their old 

 villages and build new ones at regular 

 intervals of time. Their numbers 

 were estimated all the way from 

 10,000 to 30,000 souls, and it seems 

 probable that they were at least as 



