Dictionary op Indians. 



29 



Treaties. — Continued. 



important treaty with a great Euro- 

 pean power. 



It appears froin the annual report 

 of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs 

 for 1890 that " From the execution of 

 the first treaty made between the 

 United States and the Indian tribes 

 residing within its Umits (September 

 17, 1778, with the Delawares) to the 

 adoption of the act of March 3, 187 1, 

 that 'no Indian nation or tribe within 

 the territory of the United States 

 shall be acknowledged or recognized 

 as an independent nation, tribe, or 

 power with whom the United States 

 may contract by treaty,' the United 

 States has pursued a uniform course 

 of extinguishing the Indian title only 

 with the consent of those tribes which 

 were recognized as having claim to 

 the soil by reason of occvipancy, such 

 consent being expressed in treaties. 

 . . . Except only in the case of 

 the Sioux Indians in Minnesota, after 

 the outbreak of 1S62, the Govern- 

 ment has never extinguished an In- 

 dian title as by right of conquest ; and 

 in this case the Indians were pro- 

 vided with another reservation, and 

 subsequently were paid the net pro- 

 ceeds arising froin the sale of the land 

 vacated." 



From the sa:ne report it is learned 

 that the Indian title to all the public 

 domain had then been extinguished 

 except in Alaska, in the portions in- 

 cluded in one hundred and sixty-two 

 reservations, and those acquired by 

 the Indians through purchase. As 

 the title to reservations is derived in 

 most cases from the United States, 

 and title by purchase is derived di- 

 rectly or indirectly from the same 

 source, it may be stated that the In- 

 dian title to all the public domain, 

 except in Alaska, had practically 

 been extinguished by the year 1890. 



As the dealings with Indians re- 

 garding lands constitute the most 

 important transactions with which 

 the Government has been concerned, 

 and those to which most of the treat- 

 ies relate, the Indian policy of the 

 United States is most clearly shown 

 thereby. By some of the European 

 Governments having American colo- 

 nies, — as, for example, Spain, — the 

 Indian claim was recognized only to 

 as much land as was occupied or in 

 use, but it has been usual for the 

 United States to allow it to extend 

 to the territory claimed, where 

 the boundaries were recognized and 

 acknowledged by the surrotmding 

 tribes. It would seem, in fact, that 



the United States proceeded on the 

 theory that all the land within their 

 territorial bounds were held by the 

 natives, and hence that the possessory 

 right of the Indians thereto must be 

 extinguished. The only known varia- 

 tion from this rule was in the case of 

 the Uintah Utes, where an omitted 

 portion of their claimed territory was 

 taken possession of (Eighteenth Rep. 

 Bur. Am. Eth., pt. 11, 824, 1896-97). 

 From the formation of the Govern- 

 ment up to March 3, 187 1, six hun- 

 dred and fifty-three treaties were 

 made with ninety-eight different 

 tribes or recognized tribal organiza- 

 tions, as follows: 



Apache. Nisr[ualli. 



Appalachicola. Oglala. 



Arapaho. Omaha. 



Arikara. Oneida. 



Bannock. Hunkpapa. 



Blackfoot. Osage. 



Brothertown. Oto. 



Blood. Ottawa. 



Caddo. Pawnee. 



Cahokia. Peoria. 



Cayuse. Piankashaw. 



Chasta. Piegali. 



Cherokee. Ponca. 



Cheyenne. Potawatomi. 



Chickasaw. Puyallup. 



Chippewa. Quapaw. 



Choctaw. Quinaielt. 



Comanche. Rogue River. 



Cow Creek. vSauk. 



Creek. Seminole. 



Crow. Seneca. 



Delaware. Shawnee. 



Dwamish. Shomamish. 



Eel River. Shoshoni. 



Flathead. Sioux. 



Fox. Sklallam. 



Grosventres. Stockbridge. 



Iowa. Suquamish. 



Kalapuya. Tamaroa. 



Kansa. Tawakoni. 



Kaskaskia. -Teton. 



Kickapoo. Tuscarora. 



Kiowa. Two Kettles. 



Klamath. Umatilla. 



Kutenai. Umpqua. 



Makah. Pend d' Oreille. 



Mandan. 4Jte. 



Mdewakanton. Wahpekute. 



Menominee. Wahpeton. 



Miami. "Wallawalla. 



Miniconjovi. Wasco. 



Missouri. Wea. 



Michigamea. Winnebago. 



Modoc. Wichita. 



Mohawk. Wyandot. 



Molala. Yakima. 



Munsee. Yankton. 



Nav9.ho. Yanktonai. 



Nez Perce. 



