14 



DICTIONARY OF INDIANS, 



Agricvilture. — Contiyiued. 



has been due, largely to their frequent 

 removals by the Government and to 

 the unproductive quality of the soil 

 of the reservations assigned them. 

 Where tribes or portions of tribes, as 

 l^arts of the Cherokee and Iroquois, 

 were allowed to remain in their original 

 territory, they were not slow in bring- 

 ing into use the introduced plants 

 and farming methods of the whites, 

 as ivxnt trees, stock, plows, etc. 



According to the Report of the 

 Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 

 iQoi,the following is a summary of 

 the agricultural industries of the In- 

 dians, exclusive of the "Five Civilized 

 Tribes," during that year: 



Land cultivated acres 355,261 



Land broken " 28,641 



Land under fence. ... " :,289,68() 



Fencing built rods 189,975 



Families living on and culti- 

 vating lands in severalty 10,270 

 Crops raised: 



Wheat bushels 935,870 



Oats and barley.. " 737,986 



Corn '. . " 668,994 



Vegetables " 441,931 



Flax " 20,387 



Hay tons 289,335 



Miscellaneous products of 

 Indian labor: 



Butter made pounds 118,554 



Lumber sawed feet 5,716,000 



Timber marketed. . . " 141,850,000 



Woodcut cords 91,184 



Stock owned by Indians: 

 Horses, mules, and bvir- 



ros 343.300 



Cattle 253,819 



Swine 50,365 



Sheep 567 ,94 1 



Goats 90,913 



Domestic fowls 254,285 



Freight transported by In- 

 dians with their own 



teams pounds 21,857,000 



Amount earned by such 



freighting 892,770 



Value of products of Indian 

 labor sold by Indians: 



To Government $436,307 



Otherwise $1,049,185 



Roads made miles 264 



Roads repaired " 1,363 



Much additional information re- 

 garding agriculture among the In- 

 dians may be found throughout the 

 Annual Reports of the Bureau of 

 American Ethnology. See also Food. 



(C.T.) 



Alleghany. — This is the Delaware (Al- 

 gonquian) name of the northeastern 

 branch of upper Ohio river. It is 



synonymous with the term Ohio in 

 both signification and apjjlication ; 

 but today its apjalication is restricted 

 to a branch of the river of which it was 

 the name. It is composed of two ele- 

 ments, represented by A/lcf^ and liany. 

 The first part is the Delaware and 

 cognate ivefilik, "good, fine, beavtti- 

 ful " ; and the latter is hany for liana, 

 sometimes written an, anna, and 

 lian, signifying "river, stream of 

 water," in the same tongue. Thus, 

 Alleghany, meaning " (It is) a fine, or 

 beautiful, river," is a literal transla- 

 tion of the name Ohio of Iro(|uoian 

 origin. The Cavalier de La Salle, in 

 1679, in detailing the advantages the 

 Ohio river seemed to him to have for 

 the carrying of the western fur trade, 

 says that it is "a river which I have 

 found"; and, a little farther on, that 

 it is that "which I have called the 

 Baudrane. The Iroquois call it Ohio, 

 and the Outaouas Olighin-cipou" 

 (Margry, Decouvertes, pt. i, p. 114; 

 pt. II, pp. 79-80). But, in the Acte 

 de Prise de Possession, dated March 

 13, 1682, La Salle uses the following 

 language, namely, "from the mouth 

 of the river Saint - Louis, called 

 Ohio, Olighin-sipou and Chukagoua" 

 (op. cit., pt. II, p. 184). On page 

 96, he writes the last name Suska- 

 koua, which is evidently a name of 

 Cumberland river. Now, Olighin- 

 sipou, the preferable orthography of 

 the name, is in its first element cog- 

 nate with the appellation Alleghany; 

 for Olighin is evidently Weithk-iu, 

 "good, fine, beautiful," the final -/;; 

 being the sign of the so-called inani- 

 mate gender, which is unexpressed in 

 the name Alleghany. The element 

 sipoii, or cipou, signifies "river, 

 stream of water." So Olighin-sipou 

 also signifies " (It is) a fine, or beauti- 

 ful, river." (j.n.b.h.) 



Amusements. — When not botmd down 

 by stern necessity, the Indian at 

 home was occupied with a constant 

 round of dancing, feasting, and gam- 

 ing. While most of the dances were 

 religious or otherwise ceremonial in 

 character, there were others which 

 had no other purpose than that of 

 social pleasure. They might be in the 

 day or the night, general or confined 

 to particular societies, and were usu- 

 ally with the accompaniment of the 

 drum, rattle, or other musical instru- 

 ment to help out the song. Many 

 dances were of pantomimic or dram- 

 atic character. The giving of presents 

 was a constant feature of the dance, 

 as was betting on all athletic contests 



