INTKOBUCTIOK. 



. '^,"^'' !' ''. ''""cult sound for un English speaker to deal with, heeause the English r is spoken so slightly, or even in a host of cases i«hen not 

 verted" 2 """'""t''' ' • ™""'^'^" "T '""''"' ""'"''''' altogether. Other langu.^es are apt to gi ve°it a decided yU^nge-.lven a t i^lTng o 

 vibrated utterance. How, in any given dialect, the r (If present) is pronounced will be aproper subject for a little special description 



In some languages or dialects a sort of imitation of r is made by vibrating the uvula instead of the tip of the ton-ue If met with this might 

 n'omnb^fr H s^KruTd! oTc'ou^s^t: w^^u^n't'uhr.*''^ combination is not iikely to be wanted for anything else. ..n . that has an isound ^rol 



Where In mTmiddl"!,',^:','','', '","'' h "" "" "V'\M°"^T """ ''"' '""' "' '""^ "°"*'^- '" ''" '""""''• ««^ '""Sue touches the roof of the mouth some- 

 whe.e m the middle, and the breath comes out at the sides of-the tongue. The ordinary I has the tongue in the ^p„sition. The peculiar I expressed 

 in Italian by „l ,as in nwgH.) is made with the flat of the tongue, instead ofits tip, against the ,„,„„f the nmuth, and will be convenientlv renresenled 

 by,2,,- It IS also nearly the old French , ,„o„m.. The „ similarly made (rather palatal than lin.u.l., wbi,.l is the ,7 of ™e SpaUshLXrot th^ 

 French (as in cailon, rryner), may be written in like manner with ny. spanisn ana gn ol the 



We have used the h a inimiier of times in making digraphs, or double signs, for writing i 

 real A-sound, tliough by no means found in all languages, is a common one. It ' 

 sound (usually the following one). Thus, for example, the h of lui i 



nds which do not contain any /(-element. But the 



an expulsion of air through the position of the adjoining sonant 



*i,„, V. • ^. , , - "'"o™entrtry rush of surd breath through the organs nut in position for o before 



the tone begins which makes the a itself; and it is just so with the h of ;,<; and with that of who: they are ma 



,„„,.,„,,,, - , ,p , ,, ~- nade respectively with the mouth-organs 



(»c) and Ol u (rule), fo be a real /,, a pure aspiration, the sound must have this character. If there is a nari-owiii" oftlie throat 

 > a rasping noise, the sound is of another character, a guttural Spirant, and must be specially described and differently repre! 



i n the position ot %<pigve 

 anywhere, so as to giv 

 sented. 



langu-r^S'it ma;'re Z!T :''";''"""" ™lj b-^fore a vowel and before the semivowels ,v and ,/ (as instanced above by ,ohen and hue,. In some other 



ZesttZcZJfJ T^j^^^^^ r '" r" "" "J't' ™"*'' " ^"^ ™- ^^'""' " ""^y '"' '■"""'^ '■''"«^'"" '"»*«"" °f preceding the vowel which 



S^t , » ^! «'^'''»«"- There are languages, too, in which strengthened or moditied breathings appear which yet are not precisely spirants and it 

 may be necessary, in order to represent them, to double the ;., or add a rough-breathing (thus h;, or use other liki methods of distinction 

 n,, i= ,h» thus been assigned to all our letters excepting cj and :r. As we ordinarily use the 5, it is only another way of writing a kound- our 



Zg^e ^:„"'1">^^'^"'"' °' *'"•■ '^"'■'- ■■•"■ ^^"""I^'^- "'""'d be just as accurately written to«. And the ^ is only a fa-or, sometimes, a r,:-writ°en with a 

 anninl^ief rr """"l'''' ^t"^ "»' ^een thus provided for must be dealt with by the observer as well as is possible to him. He should be guided bv the 

 pHnt^ifofflc^s'' '^' '""' ""*"'''' " " ""'' ^^' "'■''"'■* "'"'"'''"'^"'^ "'• combinations of characters which are to be found in ordinary 



Not a little difficulty is sometimes occasioned to collectors by the indefinite or undecided character of some of the sounds of a language A t and 

 a. for example, will appear to be used interchangeably, the sound in the same word seeming now to be the one and now the other This is in some 

 cases owing to msuffloient familiarit.^- with the language, and the difficulty is removed by more experience; in other cases, it is due to the fact ^Zt 

 the speakers do not observe distinctions which we observe, but utter a kind of compromise between twoor more dilferent sounds, shadln- now more 

 toward one and now more toward another. The sounds thus exchanged are in general those made by the same mouth-organs-the corresponding 

 surd and sonant mutes, the corresponding mutes and spirants, the r and (, and so on. The collector will probably do best to select some one repre- 

 sentative for such a sound, pointing out at the same time its permutable character. 



It is very desirable always to mark the accented syllable of a word; and it may be best done by an acute accent on Or after the vowel (or the 

 syllable, if the word is divided into syllables.; as, faVier, des-trvc'-tion. 



It is well for a collector to divide by hyphens (as in the word last instanced) the syllables of the words in his lists, but this need not be done in 

 connected texts. 



It may again be pointed 

 degree, to the care and skill si 



conclusion, that the value of vocabularies and other such matter collected will be proportioned, in no small 

 analyzing and representing the phonetic structure of the languages studied. 



A L P II A B E T 



d, long as in far, /ti/h'-r, <iiii. hafn-n. 



d, short as in Gin. uitni, V\\ pas ; nriirly as 



as in hof, num. 



as in law, far, all. 



as Fr. en in en, quanff. 



as Fr. ininvin, rien, nviii. 



as Fr. on in on, son, roml. 



as in aisle, Gm. mein: i in {'E.)2»'nr,fitHf. 



as oi or oy in oil, boy. 



as ou or ow in out, hmo, Gm. haus. 



as in blaby Gm. bebon, Fr. belle. 



nearly as bfi in cobhouse. 



as Gm. w In achxver, zwei. 

 ch) as eh in cliurch; It. eielo. 



as in dread, Gm. dfis, Fr. de. 



nearly as dh in 7nadhortse. 



as th in then, with. 

 ■, long as in they, Gm. beet. 

 \ short as in then, Gm. belt, ¥r. sienne. 



as in fife, Gm./euei; Fr./ett. 



as in gig, Gm. gross, Fr. gi-os. 



nearly as gh in loghou^e. 



[nearlj'^ as Arab, ghain.] 



as in ha, he, hoot, etc., (im. hnben. 



stronger aspiration. 



as ivh in when. 



as in hue. 



long as in pique, Gm, ihti, Fr. ilr. 



short as in Qm. wUl, Fr. ici: nearly as in 



as in judge. 



as in kick, Gm. kamm, Fr. qufin<J 



nearly as kh in inkhorn. 



in I K.) what, not. 



kh as Gm. eh in ich, mi/rh, kirrhf. 



I as in lull, Gm. lalh-n, Fr. lilie. 



ly as It. gl in luoylie, (old; Frencli hrillrr. 



VI as in mum, Gm. memme, Fr. me. 



n as in nun, Gm. nonne, Fr. ne. 



il as ng in singing^ Gm. singen. 



ny as Sp. il in cation, Fr. gn in r^gne. 



o or 6, long as in note. 



o or 6, short as in (N. E.) home, Gm. soli, Fr. mot. 



p as in pipe, ijm.puppe, Fr. poupe. 



p' nearly as ph in topheavy. 



ph as Gm. / in p/eil. 



qh as Gm. ch in ach, doch, Scottish loch, Sp. ) in hijo. 



r as in roaring, Gm. riifiren, Fr. rare. 



rh uvular r. , 



s as in sauce,^ Fr. sa\ice^ Gm, ivLHHe}v, 



sh as in shun, Gm. sclwn, Fr. ehair. 



t as in trot, Gm. tret en, Fr. ttJtrr. 



V nearly as Ut in masthead, 

 th as in thin, truth. 



u ovu, long as in rule, fool, <;ni. ihi, Fr. doux. 



■word, short as in pull, soon, Hxn. null, Fr. nulle. 



u as in but, ruti, son, bfnad. 



v" as.Fr. un in u?i, brun. 



a as in Gm. kilhl, kUssen, Fr. plume. 



V as in valve, Gm. wenn, Fr. veur. 



w as in wish^ will, wayward, nearly as Fr. oui. 



y as in you, year^ Gi\i,j inja. 



yu as u in useypure, mew,/eud. 



z as in zones, Gn>, ha^e^ Fr. zHe, rose. 



zh a« in azure, s in vleasure, fusion, Fr. }uger. 



