13 



.■w»Wtr«irr. v.. in,— RELATIONSHIPS. , .iV»'.o-.>o\i\V 



The Indians are very exact in designating pe degree and nature of relatlonslilps by speoirtl terms; tlius tlioy liave a word signifying elder 

 brotlier; anotlier, younger brotlier; one signifying] elder sister; anotlier, younger sister. They have no word for cousin iweeaendj hut perliaps a word 

 signifying m.v father's cUier hrotlu-r's son; another, my fatlior's younger bi'otlier's son; another, mp' mother's elder brother's son; still another, my 

 mother's elder sister's son : and jierliaps another, my mother's younger sister's son, etc., etc. The ^et of tenns-nsed b.v anj- trtbe of Indians for thl« 

 purpose will eonstitule a valiinlile eontrilmtion to ethnokv.'y. ' 



Tlie terms ran witli a little eare be obtained with accuracy. The following uietluKl for iliHWiiit out these words from tiie Indians has been used 

 with success. 



Jlrl{l/i<mji/iii>.i arising from the first and second yeneraaons. 



Talie two bundles of sticks, all the sticks iij one bundle being alike, but quite distinct fr(mi( those in the other; two boxes of dillerent kinds 

 of matches will do. Use one set for males andjthe other for females. Place on a blanket, table, or gjound, os the case may [be, A Stick .rep^ei 

 senting a male person; say to the Indian tliat it represents a man; place beside it a stick from |the bundle representing female persons, and say 

 to the Iiulian that this represents a woman, his wife; then ask him what the male person calls the female— that is, wliat is the word lor ii;iji-f and 

 record it in the schedule below, opposite "wife said by luisband"; then ask what the woman calls the man— that is, what is the w<h.I 1mi- i,usi,nii<l ' and 

 record it opposite "hu.sl)aiui said by wife." mace at the foot of Hie two sticks, i. r. in another rank, a third, from the bundle ici-r.scniiiig male 

 persons, and say this man and woman have a son ; Avhat does the fiither, pointing to it, call the son? pointing to the proper stick ; record the word Iti 

 the appropriate place in tlie schedule; then fceiprocally, what does tlie son call tlie father'.' again, what does the mother (-all the soir> and what docs 

 the son call the mother? Place another stick by the side of the last (from the bundle representing female persons), find whf*ti tlie' fittfter ctillS'th'^ 

 daughter; the dauglni-r the father; the niothei- the il.uii;litii'; thr (biu-ht.r liie lu.iilier, iiml r( ror.l ibciii; what the bnither who is older, calls tlie 

 sister who is younger, and place the result opposii • ilu- u rm ■■.■-l^l. r saiii U\ ri.l, r l.ioi li.r. inid lluii what the sister calls >thB brother, an»l place. i't! 

 opposite "elder bn.tlicr said by sister." Take anotli. i- Mi.k h.mu ; lu- luuell.. rcpi rMiiijij.; uiair p. i >,,!,> ;aul place it by the last two, explaining to the 

 Indian tliat this represents a third child, a male, younger than the otiier two. To verify the names obtained for father and son, mother audwil, 

 repeat the questions aslied concerning the elder son. Then ask what does the elder brother I'all theiyounger brother? and rnonl it ; Hen, what does 

 the younger brother call the elder brother? and record it ; then, what does the eider sister call the younger brother? and rei-ord it ; then, what does 

 the younger brother call the elder sister? and record it. Now take a stick- from the bundle representing the female persons, pxpliilnlng thatthis 

 represents a fourtli cliild— a younger daughter and sister. Verify as far as possible the terms lieretol'ore olitained, and then ask what does the elder 

 sister call the younger sister? and record it; what does the younger sister call the elder sister? and record it. ''•' ■■ •' "i >l>.' ■ /i l.im , i .;-ij cj ■].• ,' 



It may be well to adil one more son and daughter for verification. 



Unless the Indian is very patient, probably the work laid out is.suffici.eulJ!or .one sitting. ' iMi-li-oaniioy, v.dbii*, .i.ilio'td i..l»i;i 



Now provide two more bundles of stii-ks— one representinsr males, tiie other females, and botU unlike those already used; these will represent 

 persons marr.ving into tlie family, and are only to be used for m;<1i p'l^on^. ., ,, . ,, ,., , , ,,. ;, . . 



He.viiig still before the Indians the sticks rcpresentiii'.; |i. r~..iK j.>, laid'out in the order above described, from the new bundb' i • pn-^ciii ing 

 female persons place a stick beside the elder brother, and exphiin iIkii ii : .presents the eider brother's wife, and verify the words heve^ni.ne ubiained 

 for husband and wife; then, what does the husband's father call the -wife? "What does the wife call the husbaiVd's firtlier? What dot^s the husband's 

 mother call the wife? what does the wife call the husband's mother? Now place a stick from tlie new bundle representing male persons beside the 

 older sister, explaining that it represents her liusband. Verify the terms for-Jiusband and wife. What does the father call his elder dftugbter's 

 husband? what does the elder daughter's husband call the father? what does the mother call the elder daughter's husband? what docs the elder 

 daughters husband call the mother? In like manner give a wifeto.thC- younger son, and a lnisba,ud to the yoiuiger daughter, and obtain tlie.terms, 

 called for in the schedule. We will thus have a complete schedule used to denote father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister, father-in-law, mother- 

 in-law, son-in-law, daugliter-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law. 



Rrtationshijys arising fi'om the tfiini (jrnrrfjtiov. 



Now take a stick from the first bundle reiirtseiiting male persons and place it beneath the eldest son and ills wife. i. e. in a tliird rank, saying 

 to the Indian that it represents their Hrst son, and find wh.at the grandfather calls his grandson ; the grandson the grandfather; the graiidmother the 

 grandson ; the grandson the grandmother. Place a stick from the first bundle representitig female persons in the sajue rank with the last and: 

 explain that tliis is the eldest daughter; ascertain what tlie grandfather call his son's daughter; what the son's daughter calls the grandfather; the 

 grandmother her son's daughter; the son's daughter her grandmother. To each of the other cxiuples of the second generatioii give a son and 

 daughter; verify the words for grandfather and gmndmother, &c., as far as may be desirable. 



Then obtain terms for uncle, aunt, nephew, and niece, as called for in the schedule below. 



In like manner obtain terms for cousins, cousin's wives, and cottsin's husbands, as called for in the sehednle. 



Jfchiiionships arising from the fourtJi generation. 



Now commence with the fourth generation, and obtain as many terms as possible, following the methods and rules above adopted. Extend the 



investigation as far as possible, not being limited by the terms called for in tlie schedule. Then obtain, by like metliods, the term for step-fatlier, 

 step-mother, step-son, step-daughter, step-brother, step-sister. 



REMABK.S. 



_ __ _ ■ .., ,'.>iv,- •< .r.vTr-jnnn'^ 



It will be observed in the description above that the eldest male speaks first, and that the person to whom lie is speaking always follows, so that 

 the reciprocal relationship appears in .juxtaposition in the schedule. Sometimes this reciprocal relationship will be expressed by the use of a 

 common term— as for example the grandfather calls tlie grandson by the same term as the grandson calls the grandfather, btit thfe fWrmer hiay'tise a' 

 diminutive form of tiie word. 



Distinct woids for all the relationships mentioned In the schedule will not be found, but care-should be taken to fili mitaH tfeie'blsthkSBa'tHiitf' 

 tlie method of kinsliip grouping or cla.ssification of relatives may be accurately determined. If the schedule is faitlifuiiy followed all the important 

 facts will be discovered. _ :■■ , loit'i.ri' -l.r:,-.; - !i 



It will be observed that the words called for always signify my relative, as my father, my son, my brother, &c. In most languages the pronoun 

 "my " will be an incorporated particle; in a few it will not. ^ .,-' ,.r^- ' / 'i-i'i - -e.ni^iinS i . lue^Y 



The method of using sticks for symbolizing persons as described above is in harmony with Indian habits of thought. They use among fhem- 

 .seives many similar symbolic metliods, and an intelligent Indian will easily follow the collector through all the mazes of relationship if the. cqilector 

 himself is always clear and methodic in his plan of pre.senlatron; Tor this reason he should become thorough master of the .subject' hiiiiseif befoi'e 

 talking with the Indians. 



A ■^xftom x^f btrHe.t'iindFitfty'T^nl^i/rb I'^ynpo'/' 



