26 



v.— GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION. 



Usually a small number of persons are organized under one chief, and claim some small tract of ground as their home, and frequently take the 

 Baiiie of such country; afftheKat-bab-1t«, living on the Kaf-birt), a great pleatean of northern Arizona. This is theunitof governm-ental organization, 

 and IS by some authors called a tribe, by others a band, and by still others a chieftaincy. Let us call it a chieftaincy. 



While the proper name of the chiefuuncy is the name of the country which it inhabits, and is tlie title-deed to its home, many soat)riquetS are 

 used, as we call an IllinoSan a 'sucker," or an Ohioan a "buckeye;" thus soubriquets are given indicating peculiarities of the people, and often 

 relating to their food, as dog eaters, acorn eaters, flsh eaters, *c. Sometimes other peculiarities are indicated, as white knives, reed knives, Ac. The 

 range of these terms is often very indefinite ; the people of many chieftaincies may be known as " fish eaters," or as " white knives; ' again a chl'eftalncy 

 or large group of people may have a soubriquet given them by tribes on one side, and another givc7i them by tribes elsewhere. Usually the names by 

 Which the Indians have been known to the white men are corrupted soubriquets. Much difflculty will usually be found In obtaining the true oj 

 land-namf of the chieftaincy from the fear that it may be used to the disadvantage of the people through methods of sorcery. Where the Indians 

 have been driven away from their ancient homes and this organization broken up, these names rapidly become obsolete; but they should be 

 obtained when possible. The names by which they designate other chieftaincies should also be noted. The chieftaincy as above described is the unit 

 of governmental organization. 



Two or more chieftaincies speaking the same language or slightly varying dialects are often organized in one body— sometimes called a conftde- 

 racy, sometimes a tribe. Let us call it a confederacy. Often two or more such confederacies are temporarily, or more permanently, united in a grand 

 alliance, called by some authors a confederacy, by others a nation, and by still others a league. Let us call it a league. Such a league may be com- 

 posed of people speaking difierent languages. In some of the greater confederacies, or leagues of long standing, the organization by chieftaincies 

 appears to have been lost; at any rate this seems to be the case with the league of the Iroquois; but traces of the chieftaincy organization remain in 

 the great league of the Dakotas. The boundary-line between confederacy and league cannot be deUnitely drawn. 



It has frequently been found Impossible to obtain the common name for the chieftaincy, confederacy, or league; on the other hand, the common 

 names are sometimes readily found, while the proper names are not easily discovered. 



The propername of a league is often a word directly signifying or symbolizing "bandedtogether," and thus the proper and common name maybe 

 one and the same. The remarks above concerning the soubriquets of chieftaincies apply with still greater force to confederacies and leagues, and a 

 mnitipllcity of such terms may be found among the surrounding tribes, and all recognized by the tribe to which they are applied. 



Indian people usually have a word signifying "one of us," and in the schedule below the term Jiidian is given as its nearest synonym. The term 

 is used to distinguish the Indians from the tribes of animals and mythological persons recognized by them. Another is used to designate whUemen. 

 Among the southwestern tribes two such terms are used, one denoting those who came from the south, chiefly Spaniards; the other denoting those 

 who came from the east. 



Chieftaincy (common noun): 



Name of chieftaincy 



Confederacy (common noun) 



Name of confederacy 



Chief of confederacy (comoaon noun). 



Name of chief of confederacy .._.i 



Council 



Council chamber (sometimes built under ground, 

 and willed sweat-house.) 



Council chief (common noun) 



Name of council chief _l_lZ;j;Z-lZ,_I,— . 



War chief (common noun) 



Name of war chief 



Friend (one of the gens) - 



Friend (one not of the gens) 



Enemy (one of the gens) ^^^^..^^^ ^— . -_^ 



Enemy (one not of the gens) - 



Slave 



Indian^ 



Whiteman (from the east; ^ i.. 



Spaniard (wiiiteman from the south) 



