XXIV.— PHRASES aKC SENTENCES. 



Pronouns, ailjeotives. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjeotious, and verbs are used only to a limiied extent as distinct parts of speech. 

 The degree to which they arc ditl'erentlated is verj- unequal among the different languages. 



Adjectives are also verbs, thafis, they may be used with a nouu simply for description or ciualification, and they may also be used to predicate 

 or assert; in such cases they may be conjugated as verbs. Adjectives may also be incorporated with nouns. 



Distinct pronouns are found. In inost languages, in addition to the simple pronouns there will be found an elaborate system of incorporated 

 pronominal particles; when these are used, the separate pronouns may, or may not, be used in any particular case, but they always exist. The pro- 

 nominal particles may be simple sounds represented by a single letter, or they may constitute one or more additional syllables, and may be prefixed, 

 suffixed, or infixed, to form a part of the word. Nouns may also be used as verbs and conjugated, but such use is more limited. 



There are some adverbs used indepen<*ently of verbs, but often adverbial meanings are given by the incorporation of particles in the verb, oi*^y 

 the use of verbs which contain in themselves abverbial qualifications; the distinct adverbs may also be used as verbs, in which case they may be 

 conJugate<l. 



8ome prepositions are found as distinct words, but usually the office of the preposition is performed by some particle contained in the verb, or 

 noun, and often the verb carries with it a prepositional meaning requiring a noun to complete the sense. The distinct prepositions may also be used 

 as verbs. In which case they may be conjugated. 



Few independent conjunctions are found; partsof sentences are usually joined together, and the relation of the clauses determined by inflections 

 of the verb, or by the use of incorporated relative or demonstrative pronouns. In like manner, only a few interjections are found, l>ut verbs often 

 have exclamatory forms, and there are many exclamatory phrases and sentences. The interjections, whether distinct words or incorporated particles, 

 have also adverbial meanings. 



Indian languages have no verb which is used as a copula, as we use the verb " to be '* in English. Nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, &c., that 

 would be placed in the predicate after the verb " to be " in English, are in the Indian tongues used as verbs themselves; they are predicants, that is, 

 they perform the office of predication. In obtaining the phrases and sentences below this must be constantly remembered. 



In view of these facts, so briefly stated, it does not seem wise to give a list of words in each of the parts of speech other than the nouns already 

 given, but instead a series of phrases and sentences are arranged below, designed to bring out important facts of structure and obtain valuable words. 



Where the word John and James is found in the schedule below the collector may employ any Indian name of a person, being careful to erase 

 the word John or James, and insert the Indian word used in the English sentence. In the same manner, when the word Washington occurs, use any 

 Indian name of a place, inserting it in the English sentence. 



One man 



Two men 



Three men 



Few men 



Many men 



All the men 



One woman 



Two women 



Three women 



Few women 



Many women.. 

 All the women. 



One boy 



Two boys 



Three boys 



Few boys 



Many boys 



All the boys 



One dog 



Two dogs 



Three dogs 



