Rosaceæ. 91 



he found that at Esbo in Finland the female flowers which 

 were somewhat more numerous than the male, usually oc- 

 curred in more open places in the marshes and bogs, while 

 on the other hand the male flowers were somewhat more 

 numerous in shady localities. 



Flowering begins in June (Lange, Norman). In Arctic 

 Norway birds are important agents in fruit-dispersal; and 

 bears probably also play a part in this connection (Norman). 



Rubus arcticus L. 



Lit. Trecul, 1865. Warming, 1886, b. Norman 1895. 

 Poppius, 1903. Sylvén, 1906. 



This species is found in the whole of the Subarctic zone, 

 and extends but rarely into the Arctic, namely in Norway, 

 where its northern limit lies somewhat to the south of 71°. 

 Norman writes that it thrives both in dry and damp localities 

 and even in bogs, where it occurs especially on knolls. 



The alcohol material was collected in northern Scandi- 

 navia. 



Rubus arcticus does not develop wandering shoots, but 

 vegetative propagation is effected by bud-producing roots; 

 Warming (1886) records this from Hosekop in Arctic Norway: 

 "Its (Rub. arct.) unbranched or slightly branching shoot, 

 which is a few inches high, occurred always singly but socially 

 over larger or smaller patches of the field" and "it was proved 

 that this species was chiefly propagated by root-shoots, con- 

 sequently it has shoots of the same structure as have those 

 of a great many similar plants, e. g. Cirsium arverne, Sonchus 

 arvensis, Pyrola ut/iflora, etc. Its shoots have elongated 

 internodes without rosette-leaves at the base; remains of it 

 may keep alive through the winter and next spring produce 

 a new shoot as the ligure (Fig. 35, A) shows." A sympodium 

 is thus formed which may include at least four shoot-genera- 

 tions. These root -shoots sometimes go through a stage of 



