Caryophyllaceæ. 313 



Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Nova Zem- 

 bla, Norway and Denmark. I found the flower-biology 

 to be the same everywhere, because the many variations as 

 regards size which are found to occur in the flowers I must 

 regard as local, I have observed these variations to occur 

 in flowers from all countries without it having been pos- 

 sible for me to formulate any rule concerning this. <3 and I 

 flowers are common everywhere, no doubt equally frequent, 

 while * flowers are rare, perhaps even very rare, and in this 

 North America differs markedly from Europe (see Hook, 

 et Benth. Genra pi.). 



Dioecism, polyoecism (£, ç?, $), monoecism; <? and Ç 

 are > $. 



<? (Fig. 37, A —D, F—H). At first the cal.-st. are more 

 erect, and in this position they open their anthers; after- 

 wards they bend backwards and become outspread; the cor.-st. 

 perform the same movements, but I do not think they 

 become so erect; the anthers do not turn. The cal.-st. have 

 very large and yellow, glistening glands (Fig. A, d 1 , h 1 , etc.) 

 which evidently secrete honey (by the river Alten I saw a 

 Coccinella search for the honey). The variations in size are 

 very considerable (compare Fig. A, B, C and D). The sepals 

 are 5 x / 2 — 7 mm in length ; the diameter of the flower is as 

 much as 12 — 13 mm; petals 3 — 5 mm long. But in addition 



Ehrh.; Halianthus Fr., and others), because the fleshiness of its 

 vegetative parts and of its calyx is an adaptation-character to a 

 saline substratum; it has no fleshy disc in "the hollows of which 

 the stamens stand fixed," as several authors record, but simply 

 the same glands on the cal.-st. as the other Alsineæ have (Fig. 37, 

 d 1 ). True, there remain the large seeds, the partially many- 

 chambered capsule, and the development of $ and also <$, but 

 as regards the kind of flower, in North America they are mostly 

 $, and the capsule character varies, many small seeds may occur, 

 and the dissepiments may disappear even during the flowering. 

 It can at most be referred to a sub-genus under Minuartia. 



