336 Eug. Warming. 



swollen, yellowish base of the calyx-stamens; it accumulates 

 in the sometimes hollow base of the sepals (Spergularia and 

 the Paronychieæ deviate from this rule). In the Sileneæ 

 honey is secreted by the inside of the ring which unites the 

 bases of the stamens and the petals, perhaps also at the base 

 of the ovary. In the female flowers, also, the size of the nec- 

 taries is essentially unaltered, even when the anthers are 

 considerably reduced. 



The Anthers in the Alsineæ are often twisted in such 

 a way that the pollen-covered surface is turned upwards or 

 even outwards, in correlation with the fact that the honey 

 occurs between the petals and the stamens (see H. Müller 

 and A. Schultz). In self-pollinating individuals this feature 

 will hardly be found. 



The Styles are, for a longer or shorter distance, covered 

 with stigmatic papilla?, varying in length, being longest in 

 the large-flowered Sileneæ. I have, however, never found 

 germinating pollen far down, near the base of the style; but 

 whether this is because the papillæ occurring there, are not 

 functional, I do not know. In Cerastium trigynum the styles 

 are very broad towards the apex, even sometimes bi-lobed. 

 In older flowers they are twisted spirally, either to the right 

 or the left, most markedly in the Sileneæ. Vaucher has al- 

 ready explained this as being suitable to the purpose: "afin 

 de recevoir plus -facilement le pollen des fleurs mâles." 



The Development of the Flowers after Expan- 

 sion. Protandry is very common in the Arctic Caryo- 

 phyllaceæ, and the movements of the stamens are the same 

 as elsewhere: first the calyx-stamens stretch out, and bend 

 inwards towards the middle of the flower, then the corolla- 

 stamens perform the same movements, and lastly the styles 

 ripen and spread out; sooner or later however homogamy 

 ensues in almost all the species, and the flower may be entirely 



