166 
for instance from Spitzbergen, late in July (19th and 23rd; 
Anpersson and Hesserman). On the whole, the nature of the 
habitat plays an exceedingly prominent part with regard to the 
late or early flowering in any particular district; but with 
respect to phenological statements which have not been care- 
fully illustrated and verified we cannot be too cautious; see 
Kırıman's remarks (10, pp. 54 and 55). 
The flowers are protandrous. 
Pollination undoubtedly takes place almost exclusively by 
the aid of the wind. E. Warmine (19, p. 116) was the first to 
give the reasons for this, and later Sxkorrspere has defined 
them more precisely; the reasons are: — the long filaments 
(according to my measurements normally 7—9 mm.), which 
are exceedingly thin (about 0°25 mm.), and have comparatively 
large anthers; the perfectly smooth pollen; the large, somewhat 
sticky stigmas, and several other features. SKOTTSBERG protests, 
with good reason, against LiypMan’s supposition (12, p. 35) 
that the flowers are sometimes entomophilous. 
The formation of the flowers for the next period of growth 
takes place very early; in material collected Sept. 5th (Kong 
Oskarsham) the flower-rudiments were one millemetre long, 
the length of the flower-rudiments in the spring in Arctic regions. 
Fruit seems to be borne abundantly by Empetrum in many 
Arctic regions, but it must develop more quickly than in the 
southern zones, if it is to become ripe. 
Warminc found young fruits “even in the beginning of 
July” (about 2 months later than in Denmark). He writes 
later: “In the beginning of August 1884 the fruit was almost 
ripe at Holstensborg” (21, p. 38). There is doubtless good 
reason to believe, that when circumstances are favourable for 
the development of the fruit, it ripens in August, attaining 
the same size as in Denmark (about 7 mm. in length and 
8 mm. in breadth), and producing the same number of seeds 
capable of germination. 
