SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. 
Tue distinguishing characters are selected with special reference to the trees and 
shrubs herein referred to and are taken mostly from Sir D. Brandis ‘ Indian Trees.’ 
First Class. (Angiosperms.) 
Flowers bisexual or unisexual, as a rule with perianth, consisting of one or several 
whorls on leaves, free or connate (calyx and corolls), Ovules enclosed in an ovary, 
fertilized by the pollen-tube growing towards them through the tissue of stigma and 
style. Seeds enclosed in the fruit, embryo straight or curved, with or without 
endospherm. 
First Sub-Class- (Dicotyledons ) 
The stem consists of pith, wood, bast, and bark, which form concentric cylinders, 
wood and bast being separated in the growing stem by a continuonas layer of long soft 
cells (cambium), which are transformed into new wood on the outside of the wood 
cylinder, and into new bast on the inside of the hollow bast cylinder. The wood 
consists of wood-fibres, vessels, wood-parenchyma and medullary rays. Many climbers 
have anomalous structure, also the erect woody species of Plumbaginacew, Nyctaginacex, 
Amarantacew, and Chenopodiacew and afew treesof other orders; Cocculus lLaurifolius, 
Dalbergia paniculata, most Comtretacew Strychonos, and non-Indian Drimys. Leaves 
netveined. Parts of perianth, calyx or corolla usually in fours or fives. Embryo with 
_two cotyledons which, when the seed germinates, are asa rale raised above ground (in 
Garcinia, -chrocarpus and Meswe the embryo consists of a homogeneous fleshy mass), 
1.—-POLY PETAL. 
Flowers in the majority of species bisexual, as a rule with both calyx and corolla, the 
corolla consistivg of distinct petals. 
A,—THALAMIEFLORE ({NCLUDING DIscIFLOR#), 
Sepals in the majority of cases distinct, petals and stamens hypogynous, ovary free, 
A well-developed disk in Orders XIII Tamariscacew, XXVI Rutacew, XXVII Sima- 
rubacee, XLI Moringacew, in Orders XXIX to XXXIII, XXXV to XL and ina few 
genera of VII Capparidacew, X Bivacew and KXI Tiliacee. 
I. RaNuNcULACE®.—Climbers only. L. opposite, mostly compeund, often with 
tendril-like petiole or rachis. Sepals deciduous, often petaloid. Stamen anthers adnate, 
longitudinally dehiscent. Carpels numerous, free, 1-celled. 
II. DILLenrace#.— L. alternate, simple, penninerved, petioles sheatnin,;. FI. large, 
white or yellow. Sepals 5,imbricate persistent, petals 5 caducous. VCarpels one or 
many, more or less cohering, styles free. 
Ill. Maegnoriacex.—L, alternate, simple, most genera with convolute deciduous 
stipules. Sepals and petals alike, in whorls of three, imbricute, deciduous. Stamens 
8,anthers basifixed. Carpels numerous, usually distinct generally on an elongated 
torus. Embryo minute, endosperm uniform. 
IV. Anonaca,—-L. usually slightiy but unpleasantly aromatic, alte:uev, simple, 
stipules none. Sepals 3, petals in one or two trimerous whorls. Stamen flaments 
usually short or none, anther cells adnate to a board connective. Carpels distinct in 
fruit (confluent in Anona). Seeds large, embryo small, endosperm ruminated. 
V. MenisperMAce®.-—Usually climbers with broad medullary rays and otherwise 
anomalous wood structure. L. alternate, simple, mostly palminerved often peltate, 
stipnles O. Fl. small, unisexual, trimerons, sepals usually free. Stamens opposite to 
petals, usually 6, carpels free, asa rule 3. Embryo curved, with or without endosperm. 
VI. Berseripacex.-—L, alternate, glabrous, pinnate with spine-toothed leaflets, or 
simple fascicled in the axils of spines. Sepals and petals alike, usually trimerous, 
caducous. Stemans opposite to petals, anthers adnate, as a rule opening by valves, 
Carpels distinct, often one only. Endesperm fleshy. ie 
