114 SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. 
CY. Urticackm.—U. alternate, stipulate, as a rule dentate, basal n. 3. Fi, 
unisexual, sessible usually in compact heads or clusters, stamens 4 or 5 opposite to 
perianth-segments, filaments inflexed in bud. Ovule erect, orthotropous. 
OVI. Praranace®.—Introduced Trees. lL. alternate, palminerved, lobed, stipules 
large. Fl. moncecious in unisexual globose heads on long axillary peduncles, sepals 
and petals minute, anthers linear, almost sessile, ovaries hairy at base, as many as 
sepals. [In Engler u. Prantl, Naturl. Pflanzen fam. III. 2a. 187, placed near 
Hamamelidacee and Rosacew. | 
CVIL. Casuarinace®.—Introduced Trees. Branchlets slender, deciduous, ribbed, 
joined; L. none, replaced by membranous, dentate sheaths at the Joints, the teeth 
alternating with the ribs of the next joint above. Fl. unisexual, monandrous, in 
small ovoid spikes at the ends of lateral branchlets. Fr. a woody globose cone, 
CVIII. Berutace®.—Introduced Trees. L. alternate, undivided, as a rule serrate, 
stipules deciduous, FI. early in spring, malein drooping catkins, anther-cells as a rule 
distinct, temale in spikes, ovary 2-celled, 1 pendulous ovule in each cell, styles 2, filiform 
perianth, O or adnate to ovary. 
CIX. Fagacrem.—Introduced Trees. UL. alternate, simple, penninerved, stipules 
deciduous, Fl. moncecious, male in drooping catkins or in erect spikes, anther-cells 
not distinct; female in spikes, each fl. or group of fi. enclosed in an involucre of 
numerous bracts, coalescing in fr., perianth adnate to ovary. Ovary 2—6-celled, 2 
pendulous ovules in each cell. 
CX. Sanicacrm#.—L, deciduous, alternate, simple, stipulate. Fl. dicecious, in 
catkins, similar in both sexes, 1 fl. in the axil of each, disk at the base of stamens and 
ovary, perianth O, Ovary 1-ceiled, ovules on 2-4 parieta] placentas, Seeds minute, 
enclosed by long silky, deciduous hairs. 
Note.—Following the arrangement in Hooker’s Flora the Gymnosperm orders have 
next been taken in sequence, though the arrangement of Brandis really appears the 
better; it was not considered worth while altering the whole of the original numbering 
to adopt the sequence of Brandis, 
Second Class. (Gymnosperms). 
F]. unisexual, perianth none or incomplete, Ovules free, not enclosed in an ovary, 
fertilized by the pollen-tube entering the micropyle or a tabe formed by the integu- 
ment. Seeds naked, embryo straight with copious endosperm. 
CX1I. Gnerackm.—Stem and branches jointed at the nodes. lL. opposite, and 
broad. Fl. unisexual, one erect ovule, integument single, prolonged into a tube. 
Ovule enclosed in a perianth, which usually becomes fleshy in fr. 
CXII. Conrrers.—Mostly introduced Trees. Branches often whorled. L. alternate, 
sometimes reduced to scoles, usually small and narrow, sometimes acicular often 
tufted. Fl. unisexual, without perianth, deciduous with antheriferous scales. Seeds 
at the base of carpellary scales, often forming a cone. Hndosperm mostly oily, 
cotyledons 2 or more. 
CXIII. Cycapacr#®.—Trunk cylindric, sometimes branched, with terminal tufts of 
rigid, pinnately compound leaves, pith and bark large. FI. dicecious, at the apex of 
trunk among the leaves, in erect cones with numerous thick scales, bearing on the | 
undersurface globose anther-cells. Female carpophylls densely woolly in crowded 
whorls around the top of trunk, each with 1—5 pairs of ovules on its edge. 
Second Sub-Class. (Monocotyledons). — 
Fibro-vascular bundles scattered in the cellular tissue of the stem, closely packed 
near the circumference and more sparse near the centre. Pith, woed and bark not 
distinct, no continuous cambium layer aud no regular increase in thickness by the 
formation of concentric layers of new wood and bark. (Dracena and Cordyline 
abnormal.) Leaves on sheaths or broad-based petioles, the blade usually with 
longitudinal nerves and undivided transverse veins. Perianth, when present, stamens 
and usually carpels, in threes or multiples of 3. Embryo small, usually in copious 
endosperm, cotyledon one, remaining enclosed in the germinating seed. 
CXIV. Orcurpachm.—Parasites, epiphytes or climbers, often with stems or branches 
thickened to form pseudo-bulbs. iL. often bifarious, usually thick, strap shaped 
sometimes cylindric. Perianth irregular of 3 sepals, free or variously joined; sepal 
