SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. 115 
more or less alike, the two lateral sometimes united to forma mentum, or sac-or 
spur-like base; petals dissimilar, two lateral alike, the third called the lip, usually 
very differently shaped. Stamen usually 1, united with the style to form a column, 
which is sometimes produced into a rostellum, or beak, in front towards the lip; ovary 
inferior l-celled, usually twisted. Fr. a capsule with minute seeds. 
CXYV. Scraminace2®.—Caudex often woody with reed like stems. IL. usually 
membranous, with sheathing petioles. Fl. irregular usually spicate, calyx of 3 free 
sepals or connate into a toothed or spathelike tube, corolla tubular with a 3-partite 
limb, of which the segments are free or connate; stamens 6, of which 5 form petaloid 
staminodes, or 5 perfect and 1 imperfect; ovary usually 3-celled with many ovules. 
Fr, usually 3-valved capsule, or fleshy or membranous and indehiscent, 
CXVI. AmaryLimpacex%,—lIntroduced Plants. Leaves thick fleshy toothed and spiny 
crowded on the apex ofa short erect succulent stem; scape rising from the centre 
of the leaves, erect, often tall branching at the top into a thyrsiform panicle, flowers 
fascicled on the branches of the panicle, perianth tube short split into @ equal lobes, 
stamens 6 longer than the perianth, ovary 3-celled, ovules 2-seriate and numerous on 
the central angle of each cell; Fr. 3 valved capsule. 
CXVII. DroscorEacex.—Climbers, L. entire, lobed or digitately 3—4 foliolate, 
costate and reticulate, petiole often angular and twisted at the base, Fl. small in 
spikes racemes or panicles, 1 sexual, perianth 6 cleft, stamens 3, or 6 of which 3 some- 
times imperfect, and in a female flowers O. 3, or 6 staminodes; ovary 38-celled 
triquetrous, ovules 2 in each cell; fruit a berry or 3-valved capsule. 
CXVIII. RoxspurcHiacex.—Climbers. L. 3-9 costate, with parallel cross nervules, 
alternate opposite or whorled. Fl. few orsolitary axillary bisexual, perianth 2-seriately 
4-cleft, stamens 4, ovary 1-celled, ovules 2 or more in each cell, Fr. 2 valved capsule. 
CXIX. Littascex.—Perianth in 2 series, imbricate in bud, stamens mostly 6. Ovary 
3-celled, style 1, ovules attached to the inner angle of cells. 
CXX. FracGELLaRIace®.—Climbers, L. many nerved or plaited with sheathing 
petiole and tendrilled tip. Fl. small in terminal panicles, 2-sexual, sepals 6 subpetaloid 
persistent imbricate, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled with 1 ovule inexchcell cell, Fr. a 
drupe with succulent exocarp and bony 1-—2-seeded endo-carp. 
CXXI, Patwz.—Stem solid, usually unbranched, in most genera with a terminal 
crown of pinnately or palmately divided L., petiole broad-based, pinne or segments 
usually folded longitudinally. Inflorescence with large sheathing bracts, fl. unisexual 
or polygamous, calyx and corolla of 3 segments each. Carpels 8, usually united in 
a 3-celled ovary. Endosperm horny or oily. 
CXXII. CrctantHacex.—Introduced shrubs. L. distichous or spirally arranged, 
flabellate, petiolate. Fl. monccious in superposed cycles or spiral, alternately male 
and female, males consisting of distinct stamens, female of ovaries surrounded with 
scales, often grown together, with parietal placenta. Fr. berries often clustered and 
growing together along with the scales that surround them. 
COXXIII. Panpanacrex,—Stem solid, dividing into dickotomous branches, each 
branch with tuft of linear sheathing L. in tristichous spirals, eages and midrib usually 
spinous. Inflorescence clothed with leafy spathes, Fl. dicecious, small, crowded, perianth 
O. Fr. a syncarpium of numerous more or less obconical fruits, endosperm oily. 
CXXIV. Typnacex.—Reeds. L. linear erect spongy. Fl. small in very dense 
superposed cylindric spikes, unisexual with the males at the top, often intermixed 
with capillary bracteoles. Perianth of capillary hairs female 1—2-celled with one 
cvule in each cell. Fr. very minute with membranous epicasp. 
CXXV. ARAce#.—Mostly climbers. L. alternate. Fl. 1—2 sexual sessile on a spadix 
more or lessenclosed ina spathe, perianth O.or of scales, ovary sessile i—2-celled, 
ovules 1 or more in each cell, Fr. a berry. 
CXXVI. Graminex.—(Mostly bamboos). Stems above ground hollow jointed, 
branches usually fascicled at the nodes. L. linear or oblong, on long split sheaths. 
Fl. usually bisexual, in distichous spikelets, each fl. in the axil of a bract (glume) with 
an inner usually 2-nerved bract (palea). Stamens 3 or 6,in a few species many, 
usually supported by thin scales (lodicules). Seed 1, embryo with a large fleshy 
scutellum, and in most genera with a farinaceous endosperm. 
Third Class. “(Pteridophta). 
Plants without flowers, bearing antheridia or archegonia or both on minnte prothall 
in one stage of existence, and bearing small sporangia containing minute spores 
in an alternating stage. 
8-a . 
