186 . KEY TO SUB-CLASSES, ORDERS AND GENERA. 
CXII—CONIFERAi—cont. 
(2) Scales of the cone spirally arranged on the axis, the cone-scale and 
the ovule-supporting-scale confluent as one ; seeds winged :— 
(A) Cones globose, scales pectinate and prickly at apex; leaves rigid 
linear-falcate, quadranguler, acute, scattered:— cmii—Cryptomeria. 
(B) Cones ovoid, scales not prickly nor pectinate at apex ; leaves either 
sublanceolate and distichous, or scale-like and imbricated in + 
ranks, or dimorphous of both :— a a cmiii—Sequoia. 
(ii) Scales of cone numerous, spirally arranged in several series; ovules 
reversed ; pollen grains mostly winged :-— 
(1) Scale of cone confluent with ovuliferous scale as one scale :— 
(A) Seeds winged; apex of scales of cone coriaceous without a tran- 
sverse line or pungent point; leaves comparatively long and 
broad, sublanceolate with parallel nerves, subopposite or spirally 
arranged :+— oA fi in ua soe cmyi—Agathis. 
(B) Seeds not winged ; apex of scales of cone woody, with a transverse 
line often produced into a pungent point; leaves acicular or short 
lanceolate, mostly pungent pointed, in close spires :—cmvii—Araucaria, 
(2) Scale of cone and ovuliferous scale quite distinct :— 
(A) Leaves persistent :— 
(a) Leaves narrow-linear or subulate to acicular, in fascicles of 
2, 3, or 5; scales of cone more or less thickened and woody, 
often with a boss at apex, persistent:— .... ... ¢emviii—Pinus. 
(b) Leaves acicular, in fascicles of many or in large tufts at the 
ends of arrested branchlets; scales of cone broad with a thin 
edge, deciduous and leaving a columnar axis:— *... cmix— Cedrus, 
(c) Leaves single :— 
(cx) Leaves not distichous, but all round the branches, subquadran- 
gular, short acicular; cones cylindric, pendulous, scales thin, 
not thickened at apex, persistent:—  ... ae ... ¢@mx—Picea. 
(8) Leaves flat, short, linear, pectinately distichous, silvery 
below :— 
(*) Cones long-ovoid, pendulous, scales broad, rounded, with 
ccnspicuous deeply-toothed bracts:— ... cmxi—Psendotsuga. 
(**) Cones cylindric, erect, scales thin, deciduous leaving a 
long columnar axis:— ... sce bcc ... emxili—Abies 
(B) Leaves deciduous, linear-acicular, soft, in large fascicles at the ends 
of arrested branchlets ; cones oval-cylindric, short, erect, scales 
persistent, with irregular margins:— ... a ..  Cmxiii—Larix, 
(1I.) Cones imperfect, seeds 1 or few not concealed by scales ; female flowers 
usually of a solitary ovule seated on an ovuliferous scale with its bract, that 
becomes accrescent and fleshy :— 
(i) Ovuliferous scale fleshy, cup-shaped, ovule erect and adnate there 
to, the bract forming a peduncle to the scale, the whole developing into a 
stalked drupe with fleshy epicarp and woody kernel (testa of the seed) ; leaves 
fascicled, 3—5 together, fan-shaped, bilobed and irregularly notched, thickened 
at margin, striated each side with numerous parallel nerves; branches 
whorled :— Abe Spe Re ete 3oe as) a3 ite cmi—Ginkgo, 
(ii) Ovuliferous scale thick or membranous, ovule erect adnate thereto, 
bract forming a short peduncle clothed with imbricating scales, the whole 
developing into a seed with thick testa deeply imbedded in a red fleshy cup; 
leaves linear, 1 nerved, lifarious :— aoe xa eee 53 ... Cmiv—Taxus. 
(iii) Ovuliferous scale fleshy, ovule reflexed adnate thereto, bract forming 
a peduncle to the scale, the whole developing into a stalked drupaceous seed 
with a testa fleshy externally and hard within, seated on the fleshy apex of the 
peduncle ; leaves linear lanceolate, thick, leathery, with man parallel nerves or 
simply 1 costate :— J abe ” aa Ess Bee ... emy—-—Podccarpus. 
CXITI—CYCADACEAi— 
[ Anatomical features.—In many species (Cycas especially) the alternate bands formed 
by the persistent base of the scales and leaves can be clearly distinguished on the out- 
side of the trunk, the bands formed by the base of the leaf stalks being more prominent, 
having the appearance uf thick annular cushions, The stem of Cycads is remarkable by 
the large size of pith and bark, both consisting of parenchymatous cells, usually filled 
=, ee 
> laa 
