5 
KEY TO SUB-CLASSES, ORDERS AND GENERA. 191 
CXVIII--ROXBURGHIAC E Ai— 
(I) Characters of the order (q.v. in the Synopsis) :-- -¢ .. omlx--Stemona 
CXTX—LILIACE Ai— 
| Anatomical features.—The stems of Draewna and Cordyline have a regular bark, 
and as they grow older they increase in diameter by means of a concentric layer of 
cambium cells, in which additional parenchyma and fibrovascnlar bundles 
formed. | 
(1) ¥ruit a berry :— 
(i) Stems leafless, the leaves being replaced by leaf-like cladodes :— 
(1) Stems slender, climbing or sarmentose ; cladodes acicular, linear or 
falcate in axillary tufts or fascicles, often with spines in the axils; flowers 
solitary, fascicled or racemed : -- cmlxii—Asparagus, 
(2) Stems shrubby ; cladodes oblong or oblong-lanceolate, upper alter- 
nate, lower opposite Or whorled, distinctly costate; flowers umbelled in the 
middle of the upper surface of the cladode :— cemlxiii—Ruscus, 
(ii) Stems leafy :— 
(1) Leaves 3—5-costate and reticulately veined, alternate (rarely 
opposite), persistent, with usually a tendril on the petiole above the base which ' 
is usually expanded into a sheath; stems climbing, often spinous; flowers in 
umbels, simple or compound :— emlxi—S$milax. 
(2) Leaves parallel nerved (closely and numerously), usually clustered 
at the apex of a simple, or sparingly branched, stem; stems erect, unarmed, 
usually slender ; flowers in terminal racemes, panicles, or heads :— 
(A) Each cell of the ovary 1-cvuled:— emlxiv—Draczna, 
(B) Hach cell of the ovary 4- or more-ovuled :— emlxv—Cordyline. 
(II) Fruit a capsule, 3-celled, many-seeded :— 
(i) Climbers with perennial stem, mostly underground, and deciduous 
(annual) branches; leaves costate, parallel-nerved, apex ending in a tendril, 
alternate, opposite, or whorled; flowers large, lily-like, flame red, axillary 
solitary :— emlxis—Gloriosa. 
(ii) Shrubs ; leaves ensiform, in a series of rosettes, or densely clustered, 
at the top of a rootstock or short simple stem :—~ 
(1) Leaves leathery, usually spine-tipped ; flowers large, white, more or 
less campanulate, interminal panicles ; capsule fleshy, spongy, or woody :— 
emlxvi— Yucca, 
(2) Leaves fleshy, usually spine-tipped and-edged; flowers yellow, 
orange, or red, cylindric, interminal racemes; capsule membranous :— cmlxviii—Aloé, 
are 
; (iii) Shrubs; leaves ensiform, distichous, leathery ; flowers yellow, orange, 
or red, curved tubular, large, panicled; capsule triangular, woody :— 
cmlxvii—Phormium. 
CxX—FLAGELLARIACE A— 
(I) Characters of the order (q.v. in the Synopsis) :— he cemlxx—~Flagellaria. 
CXXI--PALM Ai—— 
[Anatomical featwres.—The base of the petioles as a rule occupies the entire 
circumference of the trunk, and consequently the leaf-traces (fibrovascular bundles) of 
each leaf enter the stem from all siles. If we follow their course downwards, we find 
that in their upper portion they bend towards the centre of the stem, while lower 
down they gradully bend outwards, and (frequently uniting with the traces of the 
earlier ieaves) run down near the circumference of the trunk. [Note-—J hardly think 
this gives a correct idea. If the leaf petiole base occupies the whole cireumference 
of the stem, what is the apex of the stem above that point in the circumference ? The 
apex is a young leaf pure and simple; and as each new leaf developes at the apex, it 
bursts through the sheath of the leaf before, the older leaves taking a lateral position 
abcut one-third way round the circumference in order. In this way the fibrovascular 
bundles at first are apical, and are subsequently only circumferential. I believe it is 
just the same with the roots, but am not so sure about this ; however several seedlings 
of palms that I have examined have just as many (usually, sometimes one more, some- 
times one less) roots as they have leaves. (A.W.L.)}. In this upper portion each leaf 
trace consists of a few vessels, which in Calamus and other scandent palms (as in 
Vitis and other climbers) are very large, over 0°5 mm. diameter, with thin-walled 
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