294 KEY TO SUB*CLASSES, ORDERS AND GENERA. 
CX XI—PALM Ai—cont. 
(b) Leaflets long, linear-lanceolate, acuminate; leaves medium, 
sub-erect and arching, with white midrib ; stem erect, annulate, 
above triangular columnar formed by the sheathing leaves ; 
fruit olive-like :— cmlxxiiimHyophhorbe, 
(c) Leaflets long, broad, lanceolate, acuminate, stiff, ribbed and 
plicate close-set ; leaves long, furfuraceous scaly on rachis, 
costa, and nerves; stem slender, annulate; fruit eilipsoid, 
rather small :— emlxxxili— Kh palostylis. 
(d) Leaflets long, Janceolate, acuminate, silvery white below ; 
leaves few, medium to long, arching, erect at base, with 
ferrcginous petioles; stem subfusiform, covered with a 
coating of white wax ; fruit subglobose :— emlxxxvil—Ceroxylon. 
(ec) Leaflets long, linear, acuminate (or in one species confluent 
into a simple lanceolate leaf, bifurcate at apex and cuneate at 
base), usually palegreen; Jeaves short to medium; stems 
dwarf, very slender, reedlike and polished ; fruit very small, 
oval :—~ cmlxxxvi— Geonoma. 
(2) Fruit a berry clothed with reflexed, shining, imbricating, appressed 
scales; leaves copiously and strongly armed; spadices interfoliar or terminal ; 
spatkes usually many:— 
(A) Stem elongate, mostly climbing ; Jeaf rachis or leaf sheath often 
produced into a long thin whip-like flagellum armed with 
hooked spines, and sheath witn a ligule or ochrea :— 
(a) Spathes tubular, persistent :— mvii— Calamus. 
(b) Spathes cymbiform, open, deciduous :— mvili— Dzemonorops. 
(B) Stem short, or none ; no flagellam ; spathes persistent :— 
mix—Zalacca. 
(3) Fruit a 1—3-seeded drupe with fibrous pericarp, terminal stigmas, 
and woody or stony endocarp cf which two usually (except Atta/ea\ answer to 
arrested cells and the third being immediately over the position of the embryo 
in the subjacent; albumen ; seed adherent to the endocarp by the diffuse 
reticulations of the raphe which ramifies all over the seed ; spathes 2; spadices 
interfoliar, 1-sexual or androgynous : 
(A) Leaflets horizontal, distivhous, narrow linear, variable according 
to the species, usually plicate; leaves long; stem smooth 
annulate; drupe sometimes very large :— mxi—Cocos. 
(B) Leaflets horizontal, distichous, linear, the lower, reduced to spines ; 
leaves very long; stem jagged with the remains of leaf 
sheaths; fruit bright red, pyramidally angular with a 
mesocarp of oily flesh :-— mxv—Hleis. 
(C) Leaflets horizontal, in fascicles along the rachis, long, narrow, 
linear, acuminate,; pendent; leaves very long, huge; stem 
smooth slender ; spathes very long, woody, tapering tubular, 
at last splitting ou one side :— mxiii— Maximiliana, 
(D) Leaflets springing in pairs from nearly the same spot on the 
rachis, and standing out in all directions ; leaves long, petioles 
very thick at the base and enclosed in a dense mass of rough 
brown fibres; stem tall, straight; fruit roundish or egg- 
shaped :— mxii—J ubzea, 
(E) Leaflets vertical, distichous and at right angles to the rachis ; 
leaves large, suberect at base and arching at tips, with plano- 
convex petioles dark brown below and green above; stem 
tall, straight; fruit pendent in clusters, 3-celled and 3- 
seeded :— mxvili—Attalea. 
(4) Fruit syncarpous, globose, of many obovoid-hexagonal 1-celled and 
seeded carpels, with pyr#midal tips aud infra-apical stigmas, pericarp fleshy 
and fibrous, endocarp spongy and floury ; leafl‘ts exceedingly iong, lanceolate, 
acuminate, plicate, rigid, and glaucous beneath; leaves very long, huge; 
stem prostrate, branched ; spathes many, sheathing ; spadices with moncecious 
flowers, males in catkin-like branches, females in a globose head; estuarine 
palms :— emxciv-—Nipa. — 
(iv) Leaflets with a spinous tip, sides in duplicate, midrib absent, lanceolate 
or ensiform ; spadix dicecious, interfoliar ; fruit an oblong l-seeded berry with 
