GYMNOSPERMEAE. 
1 (a) Leaves pinnate or  pinnatifid, large, 
crowded at the top of the stem. Coty- 
ledons connate. Juice gummy. Perianth 
wanting. Cycadaceae. 
(b) Leaves entire or rarely dentate or lobed, 
small or middle-sized, scattered along 
the branches of the stem, or wanting 
(very rarely leaves only 2, large, entire 
at first, but splitting up lengthwise when 
old). Cotyledons distinct, very rarely 
connate at the apex. 2 
2 (a4) Perianth tubular or bilobed. Juice not 
resinous. Leaves not needle-like. Stem 
usually jointed. Gnetaceae. 
(>) Perianth wanting. Juice usually resin- 
ous; if not, leaves needle-like. Stem 
usually continuous. Coniferae. 
