56 . MAMMALIA—MAN. 
Besides these savages, who are scattered over the most northern parts 
of America, we find others more numerous, and altogether different, in 
Canada, and in the vast extent of land to the Arctic sea. These are all 
tolerably tall, robust, vigorous, and well made; they have hair and eyes 
black, teeth very white, a complexion tawny, their beard scanty, and over 
the whole of their body hardly a vestige of hair; they are har¢y, indefati- 
gable walkers, and very nimble runners. They are alike unaffected by 
excesses of hunger, and of repletion; they are by nature 5o.d and fierce, 
grave and sedate. So strongly, indeed, do they resernble the Oriental Tar- 
tars in the color of the skin, the hair, and the eyes, in the scantiness of 
beard, and of hair, as also in disposition and in manners, that, were they 
not separated from each other by an immense sea, we should conclude them 
to be descended from that nation. In point of latitude, their situation is 
also the same; and this still farther proves how powerfully the climate 
influences not one the color, but the figure of men. 
If, however, in the whole ae North America, there were none but savages 
to be met with, in Mexico, and in Peru, there were found nations polished, 
subjected to laws, governed by kings, industrious, acquainted with the arts, 
and not destitute of religion. 
In the present state of these countries, so intermixed are the eatin 
o:;exico and New Spain, that hardly do we meet with two visages of the 
same color. In the city of Mexico, there are white men from Europe, 
Indians from the north, and from the south of America, and negroes from 
Africa, &c., insomuch, that the color of the people exhibits every different 
shade which can subsist between black and white. The real natives of the 
country are of a very brown olive color, well made and active; and though 
they have little hair, even upon their eyebrows, yet upon their head their 
hair is long and very black. 
In surveying the different appearances which the human form assumes 
in the different regions of the earth, the most striking circumstance is that 
of color. This circumstance has been attributed to various. causess but 
experience justifies us in affirming, that of this the#principal cause is the 
heat of the climate. When this heat is excessive, as at Senegal and in 
Guinea, the inhabitants are entirely black; when it is rather less violent, 
as on the eastern coasts of Africa, they are of a lighter shade; when it 
begins to be somewhat more temperate, as in Barbary, in India, in Arabia, 
&c., they are only brown; and, in fine, when it is altogether temperate, as 
in Europe, and in Asia, they are white; and the varieties which are there 
remarked, proceed solely from varieties in the mode of living. All the 
Tartars, for example, are tawny, while the Europeans, who live in the 
same latitude, are white. Of this difference the reasons seem to be, that 
the former are always exposed to the air; that they have no towns, no 
fixed habitations ; that they sleep upon the earth, and in every respect live 
coarsely and savagely. These circumstances alone, are sufficient to rende 
