THE PHYSIOGRAPHY OF LABRADOR 79 
September. Hooks and lines replace the large trap nets, 
as the cod are now only to be taken in deep water. Northern 
schooners begin to come south with cargoes of green fish. 
The first snow falls about Cape Chidley, and frosts set in 
occasionally at nights. Deer are to be had in the country. 
Geese and black duck are seeking the salt water in the day- 
time, and may be shot flighting. The mosquitoes are no 
longer troublesome. Grouse are to be shot on the hills, 
and afford excellent sport. Small migratory birds begin 
to leave. Berries are plentiful and add materially to a 
camper’s menu. Caribou leave the hills for the marshes. 
All together, this is the best month for sportsmen to visit 
Labrador, except for salmon-fishing. 
October. The southern fishermen mostly leave. Pleasure 
schooners must do the same. Fish are still to be taken in 
deep water with long lines. Frosts at night are often 
severe, and many harbours begin to “catch over” with ice. 
Ducks and geese leave the coast. Deer are rutting, but 
are now nearer the seaboard in the leads and marshes. 
The winds are high and cold, but they are nearly all westerly 
and off the land; thus the sea is often smooth alongshore. 
The most disastrous storms, however, have occurred in 
this month. All the trappers are busy taking supplies into 
the country and preparing their traps. Otters, foxes, 
mink, beaver, etc., come in season. They are, however, 
not really ‘‘prime.” Large Labrador herring are taken 
in gill nets. Lesser auks, puffins, murrelets, and other 
diving sea-birds are very plentiful, passing south. The 
lakes all freeze over, and the hilltops are all capped with 
snow. 
November. The last of the southerners leave. The 
