132 LABRADOR 
the trap is more resistant to ordinary weathering and decay 
than the formation it cuts, but is less resistant than they to 
the more mechanical destruction of the sea-wave; thus a 
trap-ridge may be seen to terminate in a sea-chasm at the 
point where the rock has been under the mastering control 
of the pounding breakers. An easily visited example, one 
of relative antiquity as it lies close to the highest of the old 
shore-lines, is situated on a ridge a half mile northwest of 
Hopedale Mission House, at an elevation of 325 feet above 
the sea. This chasm, three hundred yards in length, faith- 
fully follows the line of a trap-dike crossing the ridge. An- 
other picturesque example is nearly as long, with an average 
width of twenty feet and vertical depth of seventy-five feet ; 
it occurs on Long Island at American Tickle. Its excava- 
tion has been long under way, beginning when the land stood 
scores of feet lower than at present. The boiling waves 
still run nearly to the head of the chasm. 
Before the writer lies a photograph which shows the base 
of a torn and ragged sea-cliff overlooking a fine beach about 
200 feet above the present sea-level. The boulders of the 
beach represent the wave-worn, rounded débris of the cliff. 
In the background is the old, uneven sea-bottom, now cov- 
ered with a slight vegetation and with moss-encircled lake- 
lets filling glaciated rock-basins. The scene before the 
photographer was wild and desolate, yet cheered and made 
beautiful by the wonderful blues of sea and sky and the 
no less exquisite purples of the atmosphere. Without the 
colour, the views might have been depressing ; with it, there 
was much attractiveness in this spectacle of a primitive 
_ world restored from the sea. 
The fact of the massive crustal upheaval of the Labrador 
