292 LABRADOR 
affect the fish directly, or may control the distribution 
of the other animals on which he feeds, thus affecting the 
cod himself indirectly. The cod will not feed in water 
under 34° F. He prefers temperatures ranging between 
35° F. and 42° F. On the cod-bearing Norwegian waters 
the hottest month is August, when the surface of the sea 
averages 43.5° F. (12.8°C.); ten fathoms down it averages 
41.9° F. (11° C.), and twenty fathoms from the surface, 
37° F. (5.6°C.). The coldest month is February, when the 
averages are: surface, 32° F. (0° C.); at ten fathoms, 33.8° 
F. (1.25° C.); at twenty fathoms, 36.5° F. (2.5°C.). From 
the few observations I have taken of the Labrador, the 
average surface temperature in summer varies from 40° 
to 45° F. In the summer of 1900, Mr. R. A. Daly of the 
Brown-Harvard expedition made some serial readings of 
the temperatures in the coastal waters on days when abun- 
dant cod could be taken from the schooner on which 
the temperatures were determined. Two carefully cali- 
brated thermometers gave accordant results. A few ex- 
amples of the serial readings may be of interest as showing 
how very cold may be the water in which the cod appears 
to thrive. The tables also indicate the density of the 
water as collected in a “Mill” bottle at various depths. 
The rapid changes of temperature and of salinity in a few 
fathoms are noteworthy. 
First SERIES 
At anchor, three and one-half miles west of Cape Pomi- 
adluk, Labrador; 8 p.m. July 31. Air temperature, 
tibet Ca (on.8 +E :). 
