THE COD AND COD-FISHERY 303 
are useful, but not the best, and cost the fishermen fifteen 
to fifty cents per hundred. They are tough, and hold well 
on a hook. Mussels would be used if they would hold on 
the hooks. Bits of sea-gulls that the men shoot for the 
purpose are also employed. Even artificial bait has been 
tried with modified success, — rubber fish with hooks at- 
tached. Little net bags enclosing baits of mussels and 
gelatine — an invention of Mr. John Hayward — have been 
used with some success. 
But the bait question is ever the hook-and-liner’s worst 
difficulty. The tendency is to give up the puzzle and use 
what is known as a Jigger, a piece of lead the shape of a 
fish, with two enormous hooks projecting from the bottom. 
This is ‘“‘jigged”’ up and down about a fathom from the 
bottom, and sometimes hooks fish very quickly. Itnaturally 
sticks into the fish anywhere it strikes him, and the result 
is that many fish get away with bellies ripped open, eyes 
pulled out, etc. The shoals seem to follow these injured 
fish off the ground, though rather for the purpose of eating 
them than from fear of a similar fate. In some districts 
the use of the jigger is forbidden, as it is believed to be 
detrimental to the fishery. 
The first advance in methods seems to have been putting 
more than one hook on a line, till the present system of long 
lines, called ‘ bultows”’ or “trawls,’’ with as many as three 
thousand hooks on a line, was developed. Lines up to seven 
miles in length have been used. This is still a very favour- 
ite method, and is practically within reach of the poorest. 
Many large cargoes are now ‘“‘made”’ on the inshore grounds 
in this way, as they have been made for many years on the 
Grand Banks far out at sea. But even this method has its 
