APPENDIX I 431 
to the ground, into which it enters and pupates. It remains in 
this dormant stage about four weeks, when the fly emerges, soon to 
lay another lot of eggs. The larval period lasts about ten months, 
the presence of the larve causing inflammation, loss of flesh, and 
injury to the skin. Dr. Grenfell says that he has seen a skin so 
perforated that it was practically impossible to cut from it a pair 
of moccasins. Mr. Owen Bryant informs me that the caribou of 
Newfoundland are infested by what is apparently the same fly. 
The reindeer bot-fly is found in Alaska. 
The birds and mammals of Labrador would indicate the pres- 
ence of other families of insects. In the Diptera should be found 
members of the family Hipposcid, popularly called the louse-fly, 
from their habits of living parasitically upon birds and animals. 
They have flattened bodies adapted for moving readily between 
the feathers and hairs. Some species have wings, while in others 
the wings are obsolete or wanting. The term Pupipara is applied 
to this group on account of its remarkable mode of reproduction. 
The eggs hatch within the body of the parent, the larva being 
retained and nourished until full grown and ready to change to 
the pupa. These flies are most commonly observed on the hawks 
and owls, although many other birds are infested. The owl-fly 
(Olfersia americana) lives upon the great-horned owl. The 
Pseudolfersia maculata Coq. (= fumipennis) infests the osprey and 
loon, while on blackbirds and other small birds are frequently 
found the more common bird- fly, Ornithomyia pallida. Many 
species of the Mallophaga, or bird-lice, are probably present on 
various species of birds. 
The horse-flies, or gad-flies, are represented by the two most 
prominent genera — Chrysops, or deer-flies, and Tabanus, or true 
horse-flies. Both are at 
times very annoying, es- 
pecially in the woods, 
swarming about in great 
numbers and frequently 
giving sharp bites. Pack- Larva of the Horse-fly. 
ard, in referring to these 
flies, says: ‘‘Half a dozen frightful horse-flies of gigantic stature 
hovered about. Now and then, when we are not watching, they 
will settle down on our hands and bite terribly, making a wound 
which does not heal for days.” I am told the natives call them 
““waps,” probably a corruption of ‘“‘wasps.”’ They are not as active 
on a cloudy day, and a strong breeze will usually disperse them. 
The three species of Chrysops are all black forms with the 
usual broad black band on the centre of the wing. Chrysops 
‘excitans (Pl., Fig. 1) has two of the basal segments of the abdomen 
