re, APPENDIX I 433, 
frequently banded with brown or black. They possess great ex- 
tensile and retractile powers, which enable them to move quite 
rapidly through the mud and decaying vegetable matter. When 
captured they are restless and active; if held carelessly in the 
closed hand they use their mandibles freely, puncturing the skin 
and causing severe pain. 
The family Tipulidz, or the crane-flies, as they are popularly 
called in reference to their long, slender legs, constitute a very 
conspicuous group of flies which extends well into the Arctic 
region. Six species have been recorded from Labrador, but there 
are probably four or five times this number. The large tessellated 
crane-fly, Tipula tessellata (Pl., Fig. 5), is over an inch in length, with 
spotted wings and dark body covered with a grayish pollen. The 
northern crane-fly, Tipula septentrionalis, is a smaller species, 
with darker wings marked with white and black. The larve of 
this group live either in damp, decaying vegetation, or in wet 
earth and water. 
Of the mosquitoes of Labrador we only know that they are abun- 
dant and constitute a very annoying feature, but from a systematic 
standpoint we know very little. Specimens collected by Dr. 
C. W. Townsend and Dr. G. M. Allen were submitted to Dr. H. G. 
Dyer, who says: “I have looked over your specimens, and find 
that they unfortunately belong to that group of Ades which can- 
not be determined with any certainty without the larve. I have 
been able to separate most of the species from regions collected 
over, but as these come from Labrador, it is possible that they 
represent new species, which would have differential larve, but 
be very close as adults. These are some of the early spring species, 
which in Labrador are doubtless the dominant, if not the only 
occurring, species.” 
Closely related to the Culicide, or mosquitoes, are the Chiro- 
nomidz, or midges. Four or five species of this family have been 
collected, but among them are no representatives of the biting 
forms. To the genus Ceratopogon belong the “punkies,” or 
“biting gnats,’ which the Indians call the ‘“‘no-see-um.” These 
very minute but annoying insects are sometimes abundant in north- 
ern Maine, and especially noticeable just after sunset when there 
isno wind. They may possibly extend into southern Labrador. 
The black-fly, Simulium (Fig. 6), is an even more formidable 
pest than the mosquito, for, unlike the latter, it makes its appear- 
ance only on the bright sunny days and disappears during the 
cloudy weather. In describing their attacks, Packard says: “‘The 
armies of black-flies were supported by light brigades of mosquitoes. 
They fly into our faces; they do not bite hard, like the mosquitoes, 
but the vampires suck long and deep, leaving great clots of blood. 
2F 
