434 APPENDIX I 
No wonder that these entomological pests are a perfect barrier 
to inland travel, and that few people live during the summer away 
from the sweep of the high winds and dwell on the exposed shores 
of the coast to escape these torments.” The 
larva of the black-fly (Fig. 7) lives in the swiftly 
flowing streams, while those of the mosquito 
are found in stagnant water, and as “ one-third 
of the area is given up to ponds and streams,” 
conditions are very favourable for their increase. 
There are many other species of flies, fully 
as interesting as the biters. The little Doli- 
chopodidze and Empididz are each represented 
by four or five species; the bright-coloured 
Syrphide, by about twelve species, including 
such forms as Syrphus contumaz, S. diversipes, 
Melanosto mamellinum, Eristalis bastardi, and 
Helophilus glacialis; the Tachinidz, or para- 
sitic flies, by the large Echinomyia florum; the 
res 1G: 
The Black-fly. 
Muscide, or house-flies, by the ‘‘blow-fly”’ (Calliphora vomitoria), 
the blue fiesh-fly (Cynomyia cadaverina), the common green carrion- 
fly (Lucilia cesar), and the dark blue (Phormia terre 
nove). Hosts of Anthomyide are yet to be determined, 
while the Scatophagidz are represented by the widely 
distributed Scatophaga stercoria, furcata, and islandica. 
The order Hymenoptera includes the bees, wasps, ants, 
saw-flies, ete. Notwithstanding their diversity of habit, 
it is one of the orders which diminishes greatly in num- 
bers as we approach the more Arctic regions. Only 
twenty-six species have been recorded from Labrador. 
Further research will, however, increase this number, 
especially in the Ichneumonide, or parasitic species. 
The large percentage of Phyllophaga, or leaf-eaters, 
is very marked, eleven of the above numbers represent- 
ing this group. They belong to the family Tenthri- : 
dinide, popularly known as saw-flies, a term derived yp, 7 
from a peculiar structure on the under side of the last ae 
abdominal segment of the female, consisting of a pair mek: ee 
of chitinous, sawlike pieces with which she cuts little ne at 
Vin 
pockets in the leaves in which to deposit her eggs. 
Many of the saw-flies are injurious to the spruce, larch, willow, 
birch, and other trees and plants, often completely defoliating 
them. The larve resemble some of those of the butterflies and 
moths, but can be quite readily distinguished by having from 
twelve to sixteen prolegs, or abdominal feet, while the true cater- 
pillars have as a rule only ten. Various species of the genus Ne- 
