APPENDIX I 435 
matus infest the spruce, willow, and birch. Euura orbitalis makes 
a gall on the willow. 
Closely allied to the saw-flies are the Xylophaga, or wood-eating 
Hymenoptera, comprising the family Siricide, or horntails, the 
females being provided with a long, hornlike ovipositor adapted for 
boring, as the eggs are laid in solid wood on which the larve feed. 
Two species are recorded from Labrador. The large and beautiful 
Sirex flavicornis (P1., Fig. 8), with its handsome livery of deep black 
and orange-yellow, seems to be quitecommon. The male is smaller 
and darker than the female, the yellow being confined to the four 
middle segments of the abdomen, at the end of which there is only 
a short triangular projection. It differs so much from the female 
that for a long time it masqueraded under the name of Sirex ab- 
dominalis. In more southern localities this insect infests the 
white pine, but in this region it probably lives in the spruce. Sirex 
cyaneus, a dark blue species, has been recorded from Hopedale. 
We should naturally expect to find one of the large ichneumon 
flies (Thalessa or Rhyssa) with very long ovipositors, which para- 
sitizes the horntails farther south. 
There are a large number of parasitic species belonging to the 
family Ichneumonide. Packard collected about twenty-five 
species, only five of which have been determined. He also records 
two or three species of Chalcide. Both of these groups are prob- 
ably mostly parasitic, as the various species of moth. 
Two species of ants are recorded, — the large Campanotus her- 
culeanus, or black carpenter ant, which builds extensive nests 
in logs and stumps and even living trees, and Formica sanguinea, 
or the “slave makers.” It would be interesting to note the habits 
of this species in the more northern latitudes. The white-faced 
hornet, or paper-making wasp (Vespa maculata), has been recorded 
from the more southern portions of the peninsula, and Vespa nor- 
vegica from Caribou Island. Five species of bumblebees (Bombus) 
have been collected, some of which have a wide band of dark orange- 
red pile on the abdomen. There are probably a number of the 
smaller bees, such as Andrena and Halictus, several species of 
which often appear very early in the spring in more southern 
latitudes. 
The order Lepidoptera, or the butterflies and moths, is not only 
very well represented, but includes many rare and interesting 
species. Upwards of one hundred and fifteen have been recorded, 
of which number eighteen are butterflies. Among the latter are 
four species of the smaller Fritillaries, — Brenthus frigga (Pl., Fig. 9), 
B. polaris, B. triclaris, and B. chariclea. They are similar in appear- 
ance, the upper surface of the wings being reddish, marked with 
black, while the under side of the hind wings bears a series of 
