438 APPENDIX I 
(Pl, Fig. 13), Noctua, and Syngrapha. To this family belong the 
cutworms and many other injurious species. The larvee vary con- 
siderably in appearance, and feed upon a great variety of plants. 
The Geometride, or measuring-worms, are so named from the 
peculiar looping gait of the larvze, as if measuring the surface over 
which they move. There have been recorded about twenty species. 
The family Lipariide is represented by Gynephora rossii; and the 
Hepialide, or ghost-moths, by Hepialus hyperboreus and mus- 
telinus. 
The family Pyralide, numbering about eight species; the 
Crambide, or ‘‘close wings,” some six species; the Tortricidae, 
or leaf-rollers, — a term derived from the habit of many of the 
larvee, — with about twenty species; and the Tineide, which con- 
tains the clothes-moths and a number of the leaf-miners, and rep- 
resented by some ten species, comprise the smaller species, and 
constitute in part what are commonly classed as the Microlepi- 
doptera. 
The caddis-flies constitute one of the most interesting groups 
of aquatic insects. They belong to the order Trichoptera, or 
hairy-winged insects. At first sight many of these resemble a 
moth, but with a closer acquaintance no one need confuse the two. 
The peculiar habits of the larve of the various species form one 
of the most interesting studies of insect life. A bundle of little 
sticks, or a tube made of coarse grains of sand, moving mysteriously 
about the bottom of a stream or spring is apt to attract the atten- 
tion of the most casual observer, but how few know what these are. 
They are the cases of the caddis-worms, the larve of the caddis- 
flies, built to protect their soft bodies from their enemies. What 
adds so much to their interest is that each species has a very differ- 
ent method of house building, some preferring wood, others stone, 
but the caddis carpenters and masons do not always build in the 
same manner. Some place the sticks crosswise, while others 
arrange them longitudinally; some have the curious habit of 
decorating by fastening shells, ete., to the outside of their houses; 
others make a case largely composed of pieces of leaves. The 
numerous masons seem to be very particular about the size of the 
stones and the shape and position of their domiciles. One will 
make a beautiful tube of sand, unattached, in which it wanders 
to all parts of the stream; another will make a spiral tube so closely 
resembling a snail-shell as to lead a conchologist to describe it as a 
mollusk. One, commonly observed in running streams, is made 
of a few small pebbles attached to a large stone. Some of the 
dwellers in these rude homes are also fishermen and construct a 
funnel-shaped net at their doors, with the opening upstream. 
Their nets are made of silken threads, such as are used in fastening 
