Description of Native Trees 
160. Black Spruce. (Picea mariana.) 
LEAF: %4'-3', 4-angled, apex sharp, dark green or with white 
bloom, growing from all sides of branch. CoNE: oval or long- 
ovate, 1'-1%' long, hanging two or three years ; scales with up- 
per edge often slightly eroded. Northern New England and 
New York, and along the Alleghanies. 
161. Red Spruce. (Picea rubens.) 
LEAF: ¥%'-3/', 4-angled, apex sharp, dark glossy green when 
mature, growing from all sides of branch. CONE: 1/'-2’, long- 
ovate, not hanging over winter; a little more southerly than black 
spruce, of which it is perhaps a variety. 
162. Norway Spruce. (Picea excelsa.) 
LEAF: much as in white spruce (159), but tree identified by 
conspicuous drooping of branchlets, especially in older trees, and 
by great length of cones (4’-6’) ; introduced, but becoming spon- 
taneous. 
163. Hemlock. Hemlock Spruce. (Tsuga canadensis.) 
LEAF : about %’, fat, apex rounded, pliant, mostly 2-ranked, 
7.€., growing on two opposite sides of branch. CONE: ¥4’-3%', 
oval, remains through one winter; commonest northward. (PI. 
XV.) 
164. Balsam Fir. Balm of Gilead Fir. (Abies balsamea.) 
LeaF: 4'-1', flat, apex usually pointed, pliant, zot 2-ranked, 
as in hemlock. CONE: 2'-4', cylindrical, erect on branch (in 
other evergreens it droops); trunk thickly blistered, exuding an 
aromatic gum. South to Pennsylvania, and along Alleghanies ; 
prefers damp woods. 
165. Southern Balsam Fir. (Abies fraseri.) 
LeaF: asin 164; chief difference in the cone, which is only 
1'~2' long, and long-ovate. Mountains of Pennsylvania and Vir- 
ginia. 
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