48 MAGNOLIACE.E. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY). 



19. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbane. 



Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather 

 transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on claws, 2-horned at the apex. Stamens as 

 in Actaea. Pistils 1-8, forming dry dehiscent pods in fruit. — Perennials, with 

 2 - 3-ternately -divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon- 

 gated wand-like racemes. (Name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive away; 

 the Siberian species being used as a bugbane.) 

 § 1. MACROTYS, Raf. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened 



and packed horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Actsea : stigma broad 



and fiat. 



1. C. racem6sa, Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) Racemes very long ; pods 

 ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward. 

 July. — Stem 3° - 8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock ; the racemes in fruit 

 becoming l°-3° long. 



§2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3-8: seeds flattened laterally, covered with 

 chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the membranaceous pods : style awl- 

 shaped: stigma minute. 



2. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bugbane.) Racemes slender, 

 panicled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous ; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8- 

 seeded. — Mountains of Southern Pennsylvania and southward throughout 

 the Alleghanies. Aug. -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° high, more slender than the 

 preceding. 



Al>6nis autumnAlis, L., the Pheasant's Eye of Europe, has been found 

 growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky. 



Nigella Damascena, L., the Fennel-flower, which offers a remarkable 

 exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to 

 form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens. 



P^e6nia, the P.eont, of which P. officinalis is familiar in gardens, forms 

 a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a 

 fleshy disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils. 



Order 2. MAGNOLIACEiE. (Magnolia Family.) 



Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly- 

 petalous, hypogynous, polyandrous, polygynous ; the calyx and corolla 

 colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (rarely con~ 

 volute) in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate. 

 Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re- 

 ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy 

 or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albumen fleshy : 

 embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute 

 transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic 

 and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Lirio- 

 dendron. 



