COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 217 



§ 2. Rays present ; i. e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas. 

 * Pappus of capillary bristles. (Rays all pistillate.) 



Rays occupying several rows 9, 10, 14. 



Rays in one marginal row, and 



White, purple or blue, never yellow 12-15. 



Yellow, of the same color as the disk. 



Pappus double, the outer short and minute 21. 



Pappus simple. 

 Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . 63. 



Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 64. 



Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 19, 22. 



* # Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44. 

 # * * Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles. 



Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 50. 



Heads 8-10-flowered. Receptacle naked. . 18. 



Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 48. 



Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 45J, 46, 47. 



* * * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding 



with the edges or angles of the achenium, often with intervening minute bristles or scales. 



+- Receptacle naked. 



Achenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns 16. 



Achenia fiat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 17. 



Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 54. 



Achenia angled. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. .... 55. 



•i- -i- Receptacle chaffy. 

 Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile. 

 Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar), and 



Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 51. 



Chaffy throughout. Achenia flattened laterally if at all 36-40. 



Receptacle flat or flattish. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41, 42. 

 Rays pistillate and fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile. 



Achenia much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned 43. 



Achenia flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 53. 



Achenia 3-4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless. 



Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 52. 



Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite simple. 



Achenia obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup. \ 32. 



Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 35. 



Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 33, 34. 



Rays pistillate and fertile : the disk -flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect). 



Receptacle chaffy 25-28. 



Systematic Synopsis. 

 Tribe I. VERNONIACE^E. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu- 

 lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy 

 all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered. 



1. Vernonia. Heads several -many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap- 



pus of many capillary bristles. 



2. Elephantopus. neads 3 - 5-fiowered, several crowded together into a compound head. 



Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles. 

 Tribe II. EUPATORIACE;E. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu- 

 bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate. Branches of the style 

 thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent ; the 

 stigmatic lines indistinct. 



