CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 449 



ncath, and the bark of the trunk is said to be close : an uncertain species. — New 

 York to Perm, and southwestward. 



4. C. sulcata, Nutt. (Western Shell-bark Hickory.) Bark, &c. as 

 in No. 1 ; leaflets 7-9, more downy beneath ; fruit oval or ovate, 4-ribbed above 

 the middle, the husk very thick ; nut large (l\'- 2' long) and usually angular, 

 dull white or yellowish, thick-walled, usually strongly pointed at both ends. — Pennsyl- 

 vania to Wisconsin and southward. — Seed as sweet as in No. 1. Heart-wood 

 light-colored. 



5. C. toment6sa, Nutt. (Mocker-nut. White-heart Hickory.) 

 Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks ; catkins, 

 shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomentose when young, resinous-scented ; 

 leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-laneeolate, pointed ; fruit globular 

 or ocoid, with a very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not compressed, bridged 

 towards the slightly pointed summit, brownish, very thick-shelled, 1' in diameter or 

 smaller. — Dry woods, New England to Virginia, Kentucky and southward. — 

 Wood, &c. as in the last: seed more oily. — A var. maxima, of Nuttall bears 

 " fruit as large as an apple," the husk exceedingly thick. 



* * Bud-scales numerous or Jew; hush of the fruit thin and rather friable at maturity, 

 4-calvcd only to the middle or tardily to near the base: seed more or less bitter : 

 bark of old trunk not exfoliating. 



6. C. porcina, Nutt. (Pig-nut or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly as in 

 No. 5, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so; 

 leaflets 5-7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate ; fruit 

 pear-shaped, oblong, or oval ; nut oblong or oval (1 ^' to nearly 2' long), with a 

 thick bony-shell ; the oily seed at first sweet in taste, then bitterish. (C. glabra, 

 Torr. & Ed. 2. Juglans glabra, Wang., Muhl., &c, is much the oldest name, 

 but not quite clear in application. The ordinary forms of the present species 

 are J. ovata and J. obcordata, Wang.) — Woodlands: common. — Wood very 

 tough : heart-wood reddish or dark-colored : bark of trunk rough. 



7. C. amara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut or Swamp H.) Scales of the small 

 yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing ; catkins and 

 young herbage more or less pubescent, soon becoming almost glabrous ; leaflets 

 7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrowly 6-ridged ; nut 

 globular, short-pointed, white (barely 1' long), thin-walled ; seed at first sweet- 

 tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil : common. — Wood less valued, 

 husk and nut-shell thinner and less hard than in other species : bark of trunk 

 close and smooth. 



Order 102. CUPULIFER^. (Oak Family.) 



Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, very 

 deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers : the sterile in catkins (aments) 

 (or capitate-clustered in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered or spiked, 

 furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled 

 and l-seeded nut. Ovary more or less 2- 7-celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous 

 anatropous ovules in each cell ; but all the cells and ovules except one 

 29 



