CAST ANE ACE^E. 



233 



kins terminated by a flower or by a small number of abortive 

 flowers, spring from the axils of the superior leaves or terminal buds. 

 In this genus, for more than an age, a number of species have been 

 described, doubtless too large, viz., 1 more than four hundred; 3 it may 

 be reduced by about one-third. 



The Oaks can scarcely be distinguished generically from the Chest- 

 nuts 3 (fig. 189-198), trees of the same countries, the monoecious 

 flowers of which are collected in slender and elongate catkins. The 

 catkins which spring from the axils of the lower leaves are composed 



1 M. A. Candolle divides it into six sections : 

 1. Lepidobalanus (Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 

 24 ; — Bobur, Cerroides, Erythrobnlanos, Galliiera, 

 Suber, Coccifcra Spach, Suit, à Buffo», xi. 148 ; 

 Eseulus, Ilex J. Gay). Cupule open, superior, 

 covered with imbricate scales. Male flowers 

 without rudimentary gynœcium, with hairs in- 

 ternally. Catkins slender. Male calyx often ir- 

 regular. — 2. Androgyne (A. DC. Not. Nouv. Car. 

 9; Prodr. 81; — Lepidobalanus Endl. (part.). 

 Cupule and male fl. as in preeed. sect. Gynse- 

 ciuni rud. 0. Divisions of style (3-6) linear, 

 divergent. — Female flower spikes axillary basi- 

 lar, with caducous male flowers at top. Matu- 

 ration biennial (Q. dtnsijiora Hook, and Arn.). — 

 3. Pasnnia (MiQ. FL Ind.-Bat. i. 480; Ann. Mas. 

 Lugd.-Bat. i. 108; A. DC. Not. Nouv. Car. 4; 

 — Lepidobalanus Endl. (part.) ; — Benth. Fl. 

 Hongk. 320). Cupule as in preeed. sect. Gynœ- 

 cium rud. globular in male flower. Male calyx 

 regular. Andrcecium diplostemonous. Catkins 

 erect ; three bracts under flower or glomerules. 

 ■ — 4. Cgclobalantis (Endl. lue. cit. ; — Gyrolecana 

 Bl. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 299. Cupule open super., 

 covered externally with circular wrinkles, con- 

 centric or subspiral, or with folds entire or den- 

 tilate. Gynsecium rud. in male fl. — 5. Clilamy- 

 dobalanus (Endl. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 28 ; — 

 Castaneopsis Bl Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 228 (not 

 Don); — Encleisocarpon Miq.). Cupule enve- 

 loping all the glands, often unequally divided, 

 covered with salient verticillate and concentric 

 folds. Gynaaeium rud. in diplostemonous male 

 fl. Spikes unisexual or androgynous with female 

 flower inferior. — 6. Lithocarpus (Bl. Bijdr. 526 ; 

 Fl. Jar. Cupul. 34, t. 20 ; — Mia. Ann. Mus. 

 Lugd.-Bat. i. 106, 108;— A. DC. Prodr. 104, 

 sect. 6. Cupule thick coriaceous with external 

 oblique not numerous wrinkles or folds, inte- 

 riorly united within to the gland, which, to a 

 smaller extent, is free above. Fruit osseous. 

 Male flower and inflorescence, as in sects. 4 

 and 5. 



2 L. Spc-. 1412. — Thunb. Fl. J.if. 175. — 



Walt. Fl. Carol. 234.— W. in Act. Berol. iii. 

 396. — Ait. Sort. Kew. iii. 356. — Secondât, 

 Menu Hist. Nat. Chin. (1785).— Michx. Mist. 

 Nat. Chên. Amer. (1801). — Michx. p. Arbr. 

 Amer. ii. — Bosc. Journ. Hist. Nat. ii. 319. — 

 Ten. Cat. Hort. Nap. 1819), 65.— H. B. Plant. 

 jEquin. 24, t. 75-96.— Bl. Bijdr. 618; Fl.Jav. 

 fasc. 13, 14 {Cupulif), t. 1.-19,20 {Lithocarpus) ; 

 Mus. Lugd.-Bat i. 296. — Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 

 57.— ~Ros.Ti.Hort. Beng. 113 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 634.— 

 Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 571.— Sm. Pees 

 Cyclop, n. 20, 23. — Hook. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. 159 ; 

 Icon, t.380, 403.— Guss. Fl. Sic. ii. 604.— Brend. 

 Trees of Tlli». 20. — Liebm. Egesl. 12. — Bonplan- 

 dia, iii. 38, 52. — Mart, et Gal. Bull. Brux. x. 

 n. 3. — Cham, et Schltl, L : -.nnœa (1830), 78. — 

 Benth. PI. Hartweg. 55, 90, 348 ; Fl. Hongk. 

 321- — Hook, and Arn. Beech. Vog. Pot. 394. — 

 Wangenh. Amer. 78. — Torr. Sitgrave. Exp. 

 Zuni, 173, t. 19.— A. Gray, Bot. Mém. 406; 

 Man. ed. 5, 450.— Chapm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 420. — 

 A. Rich. Fl. Cub. t. 73. — Nées, Kœn. et Sims 

 Ann. Bot. ii. 100. — Kellog, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 

 36.— C. Gay, Fl. Chil. v. 396.— Seem. Toy. He- 

 rald. Bot. 251, 333.— Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. 

 Bot. 208.— Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 844.— 

 Hance, Hook. Journ. (1849), 176 ; Ann. Sc. Nat. 

 sér. 4, xviii. 229. — Bge, Enum. 61. — Jaub. et 

 Spach, III. PI. Or. i. 108, t. 54-58.— Fisch. et 

 Mey. Hohen. Enum. Talysch. 29.— C. A. Mey. 

 Vcrz. Pfl. Cauc. 44. — Kotschy, Eich. Europ. 

 uni Or. (1858-62).— Stev. Verz. Tour. Halb. 

 307. — C.Koch, Linuœa, xxii. 319, 328. — Lindl. 

 Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. 59, t. 37.— Pœch, Enum. PI. 

 Cypr. 12. -Webb, It. Hisp. 10.— Santi, Viag. 

 Tosc. i. 156, t. 3. — Carruth. Journ. Linn. Soc. 

 vi. 32. — Gren. et Godr. Fl. deFr. iii. 115. 



3 Castanea T. Inst. 584, t. 352. — G.ertn. 

 Fruct. i. 181, t. 37.— Lamk. Diet. i. 708; Suppl. 

 ii. 203 ; 111. t. 782, fig. 1.— Turp. Diet. Sc. Nat. 

 Atl. t. 304, 305.— Nees, Gen. ii. 25.— Spacu, 

 Suit, à Buffon, xi, 186. — Endl. Gen. n. 184S; 

 Suppl. iv. p. ii 29. — A. DC Prodi: xvi. sect. ii. 

 113. 



