RUTACEÆ. 447 
Jebrifuga, axe also used in Brazil as substitutes for the true Angos- 
tura or cinchonas. 
The bitterness becomes more decided and noticeable in the 
Quassias. Quassia amara® (figs. 464-467), or Bois de Surinam, is 
perhaps the best known of all the bitter drugs in common use; it 
owes its numerous properties as a tonic, aperient, febrifuge, anti- 
hysterie, &c., to a crystallizable principle named quassine.* The 
stem is not large enough to be used in making those goblets which 
cause water placed in them to become bitter after a short time; 
these are made from the larger trunk of Picrena excelsa’ (fig. 472), 
which has the same properties. The wood, and particularly the bark 
of the fibrous and greyish root of Simaruba officinalis, a native of 
Guiana and the Antilles, are used as a bitter, tonic, antidysenteric, 
and as a febrifuge. In Brazil, S. versicolor,’ Quassia suaveolens, 
floribunda,’ and ferrugina ; in India and the Mascareigne Islands Sa- 
mandura is used for exactly the same purposes.’ Q. Cedron" (fig. 468) 
is principally valued in its native country, that is to say Columbia, 

1 Maxr., Nov. Gen. et Spec. t. 233.— 
RosENTH., op. cit, 880. — Hvodia febrifuga 
A.S. H., in Bull. Soc. Phil. (1823), 129; PU. 
Us. Bras, n. 4; Pl, Rem. Brés., i. 149; F1. 
Bras. Mer., i. 79.—DC., Prodr., i.724, n. 5.— 
Linz, Fl, Med., 210 (vulg. Tres folhas ver- 
mellas, Laranjerio do Mato), It furnishes the 
Angostura bark of Brazil, or China Piaoi. 
2 L. Fin, Suppl., 235; Amen. Acad. vi. 
421, t. 4.—Lopp., Bot. Cab., t. 172.—LINDz., 
Fl. Med., 207.—Guiz., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, 
iii. 561, fig. 729.—Turp., in Dict. Sc. Nat., 
Atl., t. 125.—Rosrnta., Syn. Pl. Diaph., 870. 
—Rév., in Bot. Med. du xix® Siecle, iii. 154, t. 
153.—Moa., Bot. Méd., 13.—BErG. & Scum., 
Of. Gew., ii. t. 11 d.—H. By., in Dict. 
ÆEncycl. Se. Méd., sér. 3, i. (Quina de Cayenne, 
Bois amer). 
3 Or quassite (C°H™O'). 
4 Linpu., Fl. Med., 208. — Gurs., Drog. 
Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 563.—Quassia excelsa Sw., 
in Act. Holm. (1788), 302, t. 8.—Q. polygama 
Wauteut (ex DC., Prodr., i. 733).— Simaruba ? 
excelsa DC., in Ann. Mus., xvii. 323.—Pi- 
crasma? excelsa Pu., in Hook. Lond, Journ., 
v. 574.— Bittera febrifuga BELANG. (ex. GUIB., 
loc. cit.).— ROsENTH., op. cit., 873 (Bois 
de Quassia jaune, Q. de la Jamaïque, Bitter 
Ash). 
5 Simaba amara AuBL., Guian., 860, t, 331, 
332.—Linpu., Fl. Med., 207.— 8. officinalis 
DC, in. Ann. Mus., loc. cit., n.1; Prodr., i. 
733, n, 1.—Gurs., Drog. Simpl., éd. 6, iii. 563, 
fig. 730.—Macrap., Jum., i. 198.—Mca., Bot. 
Med., 70, fig. 20.—S, guianensis RIcIr. (ex 
Rosentu., op. cit., 871).—Quassia Simaruba 
L., Suppl, 234.—Lamr., JL, t. 343, fig. 2. 
S. amara HAYN. (S. medicinalis ENDL, — 
Quassia Simaruba WriGar, nec L.), yielding 
the Simaruba root in Jamaica, has heen specifi- 
cally distinguished from the preceding, perhaps 
wrongly. The autonomy of 8. glauca (DC., 
loc. cit., n. 2) is also doubtful. The properties 
are always absolutely the same. 
SPAS EH, Pl. Us. Bras, n. 5 3 Fl. Bras: 
Mer., i. 70.— ROSENTE.,, op. cit, 871. — 
Quassia versicolor SPRENG. (cortex et folia 
Paraibe Off.) Is this species really distinct 
from Simaba amara AUBL. ? 
T Simaba suaveolens et floribunda A. S. H., 
in Bull, Soc. Phil. (1823), 129.—DC., Prodr., 
i. 734, n. 4, 5.— ROSENTEH., op. cit, 872. 
8 Simaba ferruginea A. 8. H., loc. cit. — 
RosenvH., op. cit, 872. — Picrodendron Ca- 
lunga Marv, (Calunga). 
9 Especially S. ixdica (Sumannera indica 
GÆRIN. ;— Niota pentapetala LAMx.;—Witt- 
mannia elliptica Vaux) madagascariensis (A. 
Juss. Mém. Rutac., t. 27, fig. 46 ;—Biporeia 
Dup.-Tu., Gen. Nov. Madag., 14 ;— Niota tetra- 
petala LAMK.), plants as bitteras Quassia. The 
Picrasmas have the same properties, especially 
P. javanica Bu. 
10 H. By., in Dict. Encycl. Se. Méd., xiii. 
539; in Adansonia, x. 317.—Simaba Cedron 
Pu., in Hook. Kew Journ., ii, 566.—SEEM., 
Voy. Her. Bot., 95.—Gure., Drog. Simpl., éd. 
6, iii. 564.—ROSENTI., op. cit., 872. 
