46 MAMMALIA. 
tion, on the contrary, the arrangement of these organs is every way 
perfect. 
The arteries which are sent to his brain, not being subdivided as 
in many quadrupeds, and the blood requisite for so voluminous an 
organ being carried into it with too much violence, frequent apo- 
plexies would be the consequence of a horizontal position. 
Man, then, is formed for an erect position only. He thus pre- 
serves the entire use of his hands for the arts, while his organs of 
sense are most favourably situated for observation. 
These hands, which derive such advantages from their liberty, re- 
ceive as many more from their structure. The thumb, longer in 
proportion than that of the Monkey, increases its facility of seizing 
small objects. All the fingers, the annularis excepted, have sepa- 
rate movements, a faculty possessed by no other animal, not even‘by 
the Monkey. The nail, covering one side only of the extremity of 
the finger, acts as a support to the touch, without depriving it of an 
atom of its delicacy. The arms to which these hands are attached, 
are strongly and firmly connected by the large scapula, the strong 
clavicle, &c. 
Man, so highly favoured as to dexterity, is not at all so with 
respect to force. His swiftness inrunning is greatly inferior to that 
of other animals of his size. Having neither projecting jaws, nor 
salient canine teeth, nor claws, he is destitute of offensive weapons; 
and the sides and upper parts of his body being naked, unprovided 
even with hair, he is absolutely without defensive ones. Of all ani- 
mals, he is also the longest in attaining the power necessary to 
provide for himself. 
This very weakness, however, is but one advantage more—it com- 
pels him to have recourse to that intelligence within, for which he 
is so eminently conspicuous. 
No quadruped approaches him in the magnitude and convolutions 
of the hemispheres of the brain, that is, in the part of this organ 
which is the principal instrument of the intellectual operations. The 
posterior portion of the same organ extends backwards, sovas to 
form a second covering to the cerebellum; the very form of his cra- 
nium announces this magnitude of the brain, while the smallness of 
his face shows how slightly that portion of the nervous system 
which influences the external senses predominates in him. 
These pee sensations, moderate as they all are in Man, are 
nevertheless extremely delicate and well balanced. ¢ 
His two eyeglare directed forwards; he does not see on two sides 
at once, like many quadrupeds, which produces more unity in 
the result of his sight, and concentrates, his attention more closely on 
sensations of this kind.. ‘The ball and iris of his eye vary but little; 
