56 MAMMALIA. 
sable to the others, and the toes are all as long and flexible as 
fingers. In consequence of this, the whole species climb 
trees with the greatest facility, while it is only with pain and 
difficulty they can stand and walk upright; their foot then 
resting on its outer edge only, and their narrow pelvis being un- 
favourable to an equilibrium. ‘They all have intestines very 
similar to those of man; the eyes directed forwards, the mam- 
mz on the breast, the penis pendent. ‘The brain has three 
lobes on each side, the posterior of which covers the cerebel- 
lum, and the temporal fosse are separated from the orbits by 
a bony partition. In every thing else, however, they gradu- 
ally lessen in resemblance to him, by assuming a muzzle more 
and more elongated, a tail and a gait more like that of quad- 
rupeds. Notwithstanding this, the freedom of their arms and 
the complication of their hands allow them all to perform 
many of the actions of man as well as to imitate his gestures. 
They have long been divided into two genera, the Monkeys 
and the Lemurs, which, by the multiplication of secondary 
forms, have now become two small families, between which 
we must place a third genus that of the Oudstitis, as it is not 
conveniently referable to the one or the other. 
Simta. ~ Lin. 
The monkeys are all quadrumana, which have four straight incisors 
in each jaw, and flat nails on all the extremities; two characters 
which approximate them more nearly to man, than the subsequent 
genera; their molares have also blunt tubercles like ours, and their 
food consists chiefly of fruits. Their canine teeth, however, being — 
longer than the rest, supply them with a weapon we do not possess, 
and which require a hollow in the opposite jaw, to receive them 
when the mouth is closed. 
They may be divided, from the number of their molar teeth, into 
‘two principal subgenera, which are again subdivided into nu- 
merous groups.(1) The 
(1) Buffon subdivided the monkeys into five tribes: the true monkeys without — 
tails ; the baboons with short tails ; the gwenons with long tails and callous buttocks ; 
the sapajous with long prehensile tails and no callus ; the sagouins with long tails, 
not prehensile and without callus. Erxleben, adopting this division, translated 
these names by simia, papio, cercopithecus, cebus and callithrix. Thus it is, that | 
_ the names cebus and callithriz, by which the ancients designated monkeys of Af- “4 
