CARNARIA. 105 
is altogether tuberculous. The tongue is soft; the fore-feet have 
five toes, and the hind ones four. 
C. familiaris, L. (The Domestic Dog.) Distinguished by 
his recurved tail, otherwise varying infinitely, as to size, form, 
colour and quality of the hair. He is the most complete, sin- 
gular and useful conquest ever made by man3; the whole spe- 
cies has become his property; each individual is devoted to his 
particular master, assumes his manners, knows and defends his 
possessions, and remains his true and faithful friend till 
death—and all this, neither from constraint nor want, but solely 
from the purest gratitude and the truest friendship. The swift- 
ness, strength and scent of the Dog have rendered him Man’s 
powerful ally against all other animals, and were even, perhaps, 
necessary to the establishment of society. Of all animals, he 
is the only one which has followed Man through every region 
of the globe. 
Some naturalists think the Dog is a Wolf, and others that he 
is a domesticated Jackal, and yet those dogs which have become 
wild again in desert islands resemble neither the one nor the 
other. The wild dogs, and those that belong to savages, such 
as the inhabitants of New Holland, have straight ears, which has 
occasioned a belief that the European races, which approach the 
most to the original type, are the Shepherd’s Dog and Wolf 
Dog; but the comparison of the crania indicates a closer affinity 
in the Mastiff and Danish Dog, subsequently to which comethe ~~ 
Hound, the Pointer, and the Terrier, differing between themselves 
only in size and the proportions of the limbs. The Greyhound 
is longer and more lank, its frontal sinuses are smaller, and its 
scent weaker. The Shepherd’s Dog and the Wolf Dog resume 
the straight ears of the wild ones, but with a greater cerebral 
development, which continues to increase together with the 
intelligence in the Barbet and the Spaniel. The Bull Dog, on 
the other hand, is remarkable for the shortness and strength of. 
his jaws. ‘The small pet-dogs, the Pugs, . Spaniels, Shocks, &c. 
are the most degenerate productions, and exhibit the most strik- 
ing marks of that power to which man subjects all nature.(1) 
The dog is born with his eyes closed ; he opens them on the 
tenth or twelfth day ; his teeth commence changing in the fourth 
month, and his full growth is attained at the expiration of the 
second year. The period of gestation is sixty-three days, and 
from six to twelve pups are produced at a birth. The dog is 
? 
(1) See Fr. Cuy. Ann. Mus. XVIII, p.333 et seq. 
Vou. 1.—O 
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