106 MAMMALIA. 
old at fifteen years, and seldom lives beyond twenty. His vigi- 
lance, bark, singular mode of copulation, and susceptibility of 
education are well known to every one. 
C. lupus, L.; Buff. VII, i. (The Wolf.) A large species, 
with a straight tail; legs fawn-coloured, with a black stripe on 
the fore-legs when adult;(1) the most mischievous of all the 
carnaria of Europe. Itis found from Egypt to Lapland, and 
appears to have passed into America. ‘Towards the north, in 
winter, its fur becomes white. It attacks all our animals, yet 
does not exhibit a courage proportioned to its strength. It 
often feeds on carrion. Its habits and physical development 
are Closely related to those of the dog. 
C. lycaon, L.; Buff. 1X, xli. (The Black Wolf.) Also inha- 
bits Europe, and is sometimes, though rarely, found in France.(2) 
The fur is of a deep and uniform black, with a little white at the 
end of the muzzle, and a small spot of the same colour under the 
breast. It is said to be more ferocious than the common wolf. 
C. mexicanus, L. (The Mexican Wolf.) Reddish grey, 
mixed with black; circumference of the muzzle, under part of 
the body and the feet white ; size that of the Common Wolf.(3) 
C. jubatus, Cuv.; Agoura-Gouazou, Azzar. (The Red Wolf.) 
A fine cinnamon-red ; a short black mane along the spine. 
From the marshes of South America. 
~ C. aureus, L.3 Schreb. XCIV. (The Chacal or Jackal.) 
Less than the preceding ; the muzzle more pointed ; of a grey- 
ish brown; thighs and legs of a light fawn colour; some red 
on theear; the tail scarcely reaching further than the heel. It 
is a voracious animal, which hunts like the Dog, and in its con- 
formation and the facility with which it is tamed, resembles the 
latter more closely than any other wild species. Jackals are 
found from the Indies and the environs of the Caspian sea, as 
far as, and in Guinea; it is not certain, however, that they are 
(1) This stripe is more or less strongly marked on the Jackal, Mexican Wolf, 
&e. 
(2) We have seen four individuals taken and killed in France. It must not be 
confounded with the Black Fox, among whose synonymes Gmelin has placed it. 
[See Append. VI of Am. Ed.) Ww! 
(3) This character is taken from a specimen brought from bene” i and pre- 
sented to the Cabinet du Roi by M. de Humboldt. Those which have beendrawn 
by authors from the bad figure of Recchi inserted in Hernandez, p. 479, must be — 
rejected. Messrs Say and Harlan, Faun. Amer., mention two other species of 
Wolves, Can. latrans and Can. nubilus, which require to be examined and com- 
pared. [See Append. ut sup. of Am. Ed.) 
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