184 MAMMALIA. 
an enormous volume. ‘The intestinal canal is very long, 
though there are but few enlargements in the great intestines. 
The cecum is likewise long and tolerably smooth. The fat of 
ruminating animals hardens more by cooling than that of other 
quadrupeds, and even becomes brittle. It is called tallow. 
Their mamme are placed between the thighs. 
Of all animals, the Ruminantia are the most useful to man. 
They furnish him with food, and nearly all the flesh he con- 
sumes. Some serve him as beasts of burden, others with their 
milk, their tallow, leather, horns, &c. The two first genera 
have no horns. : 
Came us, Lin. 
The Camels approximate to the preceding order rather more than 
the others. They not only always have canini in both jaws, but 
they also have two pointed teeth implanted in the incisive bone, six 
inferior incisors and from eighteen to twenty molars only; peculiari- 
ties, which, of all the Ruminantia, they alone possess, as well as that 
of having the scaphoid and cuboid bones of the tarsus separate. In- 
» stead of the large hoof flattened on its internal side which envelopes 
_ the whole inferior portion of each toe, and which determines the 
4 ¢ figure of the common cloven-foot, they have but one small one, 
which only adheres to the last phalanx, and issymmetrically formed 
_ liked the hoofs of the pachydermata. Their tumid and cleft lip, 
their long neck, prominent orbits, weakness of the crupper, and the 
disagreeable proportions of their legs and feet, render them some- 
what deformed, but their extreme sobriety and the faculty they pos- 
sess of passing several days without drinking, make them of the 
highest importance. 
The faculty just mentioned probably results from the large masses 
of cells which cover the sides of their paunch, in which water is con- 
_ stantly retained or produced. The other Ruminantia have nothing 
of the kind. es ; 
The Camel urinates backwards, but the direction of the penis 
changes in cottu, which is effected with much difficulty, and while 
the female lies down. In the rutting season a fetid humour oozes 
from their head. + 7 
42 
Cametus, Cuy. ™ 
Camels, properly so called, have the two toes united below nearly 
to the point by a common sole, and the back furnished with lumps 
of fat. They are large animals of the eastern continent, of which 
