PASSERIN-E. 267 
RaMPHoceELInE TANnaGERs.(1) 
A conical beak, the branches of whose lower mandible are enlarged 
behind. (2) 
Turpvus, Lin. 
The Thrushes have a compressed and arcuated beak, but its point 
is not hooked, and its emarginations do not form such deep notches 
as in the Shrikes; as we have already stated, however, there are 
gradual transitions from one genus to the other. 
Their regimen is more frugivorous, generally feeding on berries. 
Their habits are solitary. 
The term Thrush is more particularly reserved for those species 
in which the colours are uniform, or are distributed in large masses. 
The most widely disseminated is, ; 
T. merula, L., Naum. 71. (The European Blackbird.) The 
male, (Enl. 2,) is entirely black, with a yellow beak; the female, 
(Enl. 555,) is brown above; reddish brown beneath; the 
breast spotted with brown. It is a very mistrustful bird, but 
is easily tamed, and can be taught to sing well, and even to 
speak. It remains in Europe during the whole year. 
A neighbouring species, which, however, is a bird of pas- 
sage, and prefers the mountains, is, 
T. torquatus, L.; Le Merle a plastron blanc; Enl. 168 and 
182; Naum. 70. (The Ring Ouzel.) Feathers, black, partly 
edged with white; the breast marked with a shield of the same 
colour. 
The high mountains in the south of Europe contain two 
species, the 7. savatilis, L.; Enl. 562; Naum. 73, and the 7. 
cyaneus, L.; Enl. 250; Naum. 72, from which the 7" solitarius, 
L. does not differ.(3) The first, which is most frequently found 
Vieill, Am. and Gal., pl. Ixxxy, or Pipra polyglotta, Wils., 1, vi, 2. This spe- 
cies leads to Ploceus. Tunagra mississipiensis, Enl. 742, or T: xstiva, Wils. Am. 
VI, 3, 4.—T. rubra, 156, 1.—T. ludoviciana, Wils., Ml. xx, 1. 
N.B. Swainson separates the 7’ ¢a/ao and some others from the Tanagers under 
the name of Acrata, and makes a genus of my Tanagers a bec fin, called Srzr- 
MAGRA. 
(1) From this Vieill. has made his Jacara, or Ramrnocetes, Galer. 79. 
(2) Tanagra jacapa, Enl. 128.—T. brasilia, Enl. 127, 1.—T. nigrogularis, Spix, 
N.B. The Tunagra atricapilla, 809, 2 and the guwyannensis are Shrikes. The 
T. cristatella, Spix, or Fringilla cristata, Gmel., T. graminea and. T. ruficollis, Spix, 
are Buntings. 
(3) Obs. Bonnelli. 
