276 AVES. 
Manoruaina, Vieill. 
The beak much compressed, but little arcuated, and slightly 
sloped; large nostrils, almost entirely closed by a membrane, which 
reduces the opening to a narrow slit; the neckis short. The feathers 
on the forehead, which are as soft as those of young birds, incline 
partly over the nostrils.(1) 
Pyrruocorax, Cuv.(2) 
The compressed, arcuated, and sloped beak of the Thrushes; but 
their nostrils are covered with feathers, asin the Crows, to which 
they were for a long time united. There is one in a We about the 
size of the Corv. monedula. f 
Corvus pyrrhocoraz, ie Chocard des Alpes, En\. 5315 Vieill. 
Galer. 106; Naum. 57,1. All black; the beak yellow; feet, 
brown at first, then mg and red in the adult; builds in rocky 
fissures of the highest mountains, whence, in the winter, it de- 
scends into the valleys in large flocks. It feeds on insects, snails, 
grain, and fruit, and does not despise carrion. % 
There is another in India, .e.5 & 
Pyrr. heranemus, Cuv.; the Sicrin, Vaill. Afr. pl. Ixxxii. 
Distinguished by three barbless stalks as long as the body, which 
grow oneach side among the feathers which cover the ear. 
I can find no character sufficient to warrant removing from the 
Thrushes 6 
Orrouus, Lin. 
Or the Orioles, whose beak, similar to that of the Thrushes, is 
merely a little stronger; the feet a little shorter, and the wings a little 
longer, in proportion. Linnzus, and most of his followers, impro- 
perly united Cassici with them, to which they have no other resem- 
blance than that of colours. 
O. galbula, L.; Le loriot d’Europe, Enl. 26; Golden Thrush, 
Yellow Thrush of the Germans, &c. Somewhat larger than the 
Thrush. The male is of a fine yellow; wings, tail, and a spot 
between the eye and the beak, black; tip of the tail yellow. 
During its two first years, however, the yellow is replaced by 
an olive, and the black by a brown, which is always the case 
with the female. This bird suspends its skilfully wrought nest 
to branches of trees, feeds on cherries and other fruits, and in 
the spring on insects. It is very shy, remains in France but a 
little time during the summer, and travels in pairs, or by threes. 
i NR! A ew 
(1) Manorhina viridis, Vieill. Gal. 149; ;—Merops albifrons, Shaw ? 
(2) Vieill. has adopted this name and genus. 
